347
Injection of 0.25 or 0.5 μg/fi sh of synthetic cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG)
oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) into olive fl ounder led to higher chemiluminescence
by phagocytes; supernatants from leucocytes, which received CpG ODN as a pulse,
induced much higher respiratory burst activity after 3–7 days. Additionally, the fi sh
which received CpG ODN were better protected against challenge with Edw. tarda
(mortality = 17 %) compared to the controls (mortality - = 92 %) (Lee et al. 2003 ).
The blue green algae, Spirulina pacifi ca , was added to diet to achieve levels of
3, 6 or 9 %, and fed to olive fl ounder for 15 days before challenge when there was
evidence of immunostimulation and protection against Edw. tarda (Kim et al. 2015 ).
Probiotics Citrus byproducts were fermented with probiotics, particularly Bac.
subtilis , Enterococcus faecium, and fed to juvenile olive fl ounder for 10-weeks leading to resistance with challenge with a pathogenic culture and immunostimulation
(lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) (Lee et al. 2013 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds It was reported that isolates were highly susceptible
to cinoxacin, nitrofurantoin, oxolinic acid, kanamycin, moxalactam, trimethoprim,
piperacillin, potentiated sulphonamides, neomycin, mezlocillin and streptomycin,
but not to colistin, cloxacillin, clindamycin, bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin,
methicillin, penicillin G, novobiocin or spectinomycin (Waltman and Shotts 1986b ).
Chemotherapy by means of oxytetracycline, dosed at 55 mg of drug/kg body weight
of fi sh/day for 10 days, has been recommended (Meyer and Bullock 1973 ).
Assuming that infected fi sh consume the medicated diet, mortalities apparently
dwindle away within 48–72 h of initiating treatment. However, recovery is slow,
and the survivors may exhibit scar tissue. A complication with chemotherapy concerns R plasmids which have been demonstrated in cultures of Edw. tarda isolated
from eels (Aoki et al. 1977 ). Conceivably, this may cause problems for chemotherapy in the future.
Enterobacter cloacae
Characteristics of the Disease
The organism was recovered from diseased mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) from India
(Sekar et al. 2008 ).
Isolation
Recovery was on TSA and MacConkey agar with incubation at 30 and 37 °C for
48 h (Sekar et al. 2008 ).
Enterobacter cloacae
Injection of 0.25 or 0.5 μg/fi sh of synthetic cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG)
oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) into olive fl ounder led to higher chemiluminescence
by phagocytes; supernatants from leucocytes, which received CpG ODN as a pulse,
induced much higher respiratory burst activity after 3–7 days. Additionally, the fi sh
which received CpG ODN were better protected against challenge with Edw. tarda
(mortality = 17 %) compared to the controls (mortality - = 92 %) (Lee et al. 2003 ).
The blue green algae, Spirulina pacifi ca , was added to diet to achieve levels of
3, 6 or 9 %, and fed to olive fl ounder for 15 days before challenge when there was
evidence of immunostimulation and protection against Edw. tarda (Kim et al. 2015 ).
Probiotics Citrus byproducts were fermented with probiotics, particularly Bac.
subtilis , Enterococcus faecium, and fed to juvenile olive fl ounder for 10-weeks leading to resistance with challenge with a pathogenic culture and immunostimulation
(lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) (Lee et al. 2013 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds It was reported that isolates were highly susceptible
to cinoxacin, nitrofurantoin, oxolinic acid, kanamycin, moxalactam, trimethoprim,
piperacillin, potentiated sulphonamides, neomycin, mezlocillin and streptomycin,
but not to colistin, cloxacillin, clindamycin, bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin,
methicillin, penicillin G, novobiocin or spectinomycin (Waltman and Shotts 1986b ).
Chemotherapy by means of oxytetracycline, dosed at 55 mg of drug/kg body weight
of fi sh/day for 10 days, has been recommended (Meyer and Bullock 1973 ).
Assuming that infected fi sh consume the medicated diet, mortalities apparently
dwindle away within 48–72 h of initiating treatment. However, recovery is slow,
and the survivors may exhibit scar tissue. A complication with chemotherapy concerns R plasmids which have been demonstrated in cultures of Edw. tarda isolated
from eels (Aoki et al. 1977 ). Conceivably, this may cause problems for chemotherapy in the future.
Enterobacter cloacae
Characteristics of the Disease
The organism was recovered from diseased mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) from India
(Sekar et al. 2008 ).
Isolation
Recovery was on TSA and MacConkey agar with incubation at 30 and 37 °C for
48 h (Sekar et al. 2008 ).
Enterobacter cloacae