McLean, R. F., and Tsyban, A., 2001. Coastal zones and marine
ecosystems. In McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A.,
Dokken, D. J., and White, K. S. (eds.), Climate Change 2001:
Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 343–379.
McLean, R. F., and Woodroffe, C. D., 1994. Coral atolls. In
Carter, R. W. G., and Woodroffe, C. D. (eds.), Coastal Evolution:
Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–302.
Milliman, J. D., 1973. Caribbean coral reefs. In Jones, O. A., and
Endean, R. (eds.), Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 1,
Geology 1, pp. 1–50.
Mimura, N., 1999. Vulnerability of island countries in the South
Pacific to sea level rise and climate change. Climate Research,
12, 137–143.
Mitrovica, J. X., and Peltier, W. R., 1991. On postglacial geoid subsidence over the equatorial oceans. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 96, 20053–20071.
Montaggioni, L. F., 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems
since the last glaciation: development patterns and controlling
factors. Earth Science Reviews, 71, 1–75.
Montaggioni, L. F., and Pirazzoli, P. A., 1984. The significance of
exposed coral conglomerates from French Polynesia (Pacific
Ocean) as indications of recent sea-level changes. Coral Reefs,
3, 29–42.
Morrison, R. J., 1990. Pacific atoll soils: chemistry, mineralogy and
classification. Atoll Research Bulletin, 339, 1–25.
Mueller-Dombois, D., and Fosberg, F. R., 1998. Vegetation of the
tropical Pacific islands. New York: Springer, 733 pp.
Munk, W. H., and Sargent, M. S., 1954. Adjustment of Bikini Atoll
to ocean waves. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper,
260-C, pp. 275–280.
Murray, J., 1889. Structure, origin, and distribution of coral reefs
and islands. Nature, 39, 424–428.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2004. Inventory of the Maldives’
coral reefs using morphometrics generated from Landsat ETMþ
imagery. Coral Reefs, 23, 161–168.
Neumann, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level
rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, 3, 105–110.
Newell, N. D., and Bloom, A. L., 1970. The reef flat and ‘two-meter
eustatic terrace’ of some Pacific atolls. Geological Society of
America, Bulletin, 81, 1881–1894.
Newell, N. D., and Rigby, J. K., 1957. Geological studies on the
Great Bahama Bank. Society of Economic Paleonologists and
Mineralogists, Special Publication, 5, pp. 15–79.
Newell, P. F., Clavier, J., and Riley, J., 1996. The biodiversity of the
invertebrate faunas of the soft sediments from the Great Astrolabe reef (Kadavu Group, Fiji) and Tarawa (Kiribati) lagoons
in the South Pacific. In Biodiversity and Dynamics of Ecosystems. DIPWA series, pp. 237–245.
Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R., Codignotto, J. O., Hay,
J. E., McLean, R. F., Ragoonaden, S., and Woodroffe, C. D.,
2007. Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate Change
2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In Parry, M. L.,
Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., Hanson, C.
E., (eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 315–356.
Niering, W. A., 1963. Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll,
Caroline Islands. Ecological Monographs, 33, 131–160.
Nunn, P. D., 1998. Sea-level changes over the past 1,000 years in the
Pacific. Journal of Coastal Research, 14, 23–30.
Nunn, P. D., 1999. Environmental Change in the Pacific basin.
Chichester: Wiley, 413 pp.
Nunn, P. D., and Peltier, W. R., 2001. Far-field test of the ICE-4G
model of global isostatic response to deglaciation using empirical and theoretical Holocene sea-level reconstructions for the
Fiji Islands, southwestern Pacific. Quaternary Research, 55,
203–214.
Ohde, S., Greaves, M., Massuzawa, T., Buckley, H. A., van Woesik,
R., Wilson, P., Pirazzoli, P. A., and Elderfield, H., 2002. The
chronology of Funafuti Atoll: revisiting an old friend. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series A, 458, 2289–2306.
Pandolfi, J. M., 2008. Geomorphology of the uplifted Pleistocene
atoll at Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group. Biological Journal
of the Linnean Society, 56, 63–77.
Patel, S. S., 2006. A sinking feeling. Nature, 440, 734–736.
Paulay, G., 2001. Benthic ecology and biota of Tarawa atoll lagoon:
influence of equatorial upwelling, circulation, and human harvest. Atoll Research Bulletin, 487, 1–41.
Perrin, C., 1990. Genèse de la morphologie des atolls: le cas de
Mururoa (Polynésie Française). Comptes Rendus. Académie
des Sciences. Série II, 311, 671–678.
Pirazzoli, P. A., 1987. A reconnaissance and geomorphological survey of Temoe Atoll, Gambier Islands (South Pacific). Journal of
Coastal Research, 3, 307–323.
Pirazzoli, P. A., and Montaggioni, L. F., 1986. Late Holocene
changes in the northwest Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia.
Quaternary Research, 25, 350–368.
Pirazzoli, P. A., and Montaggioni, L. F., 1988. Holocene sea-level
changes in French Polynesia. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 68, 153–175.
Pirazzoli, P. A., Delibrias, G., Montaggioni, L. F., Saliège, J. F., and
Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1987. Vitesse de croissance latérale
des platiers et évolution morphologique récente de l’atoll de
Reao, îles Tuamotu, Polnésie française. Annales de L’Institut
Oceanographique, 63, 57–68.
Pirazzoli, P. A., Koba, M., Montaggioni, L. F., and Person, A., 1988.
Anaa (Tuamotu Islands, Central Pacific): an incipient rising
atoll? Marine Geology, 82, 261–269.
Pittock, A. P., 2005. Climate Change: Turning up the Heat.
Earthscan: CSIRO Publishing, 316 pp.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Reef configurations, cause and effect. In
Laporte, L. F. (ed.), Reefs in Time and Space. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,
pp. 9–76.
Purdy, E. G., and Gischler, E., 2005. The transient nature of the
empty bucket model of reef sedimentation. Sedimentary Geology, 175, 35–47.
Purdy, E. G., and Winterer, E. L., 2001. Origin of atoll lagoons.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 837–854.
Raitt, R. W., 1954. Seismic refraction studies of Bikini and Kwajalein Atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 260-K.
Richmond, B. M., 1992. Development of atoll islets in the central
Pacific. Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Congress, 2, 1185–1194.
Richmond, B., 1993. Reconnaissance geology of the Gilbert Group,
Western Kiribati. SOPAC Technical Report, 77, pp. 1–65.
Riegl, B. M., and Dodge, R. E. (eds.), 2008. Coral Reefs of the USA.
New York: Springer.
Rodgers, K. A., 1989. Phosphatic limestones from Tuvalu (Ellice
Islands). Economic Geology, 84, 2252–2266.
Roy, P., and Connell, J., 1989. Greenhouse: impact of sea level rise
on low coral islands in the South Pacific, 6. Research Institute
for Asia and the Pacific Occasional Paper, 55 pp.
Roy, P., and Connell, J., 1991. Climatic change and the future of
atoll states. Journal of Coastal Research, 7, 1057–1075.
Salvat, F., and Salvat, B., 1992. Nukutipipi Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: geomorphology, land and marine flora and fauna and
interrelationships. Atoll Research Bulletin, 357, 1–43.
ATOLLS
69
ecosystems. In McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A.,
Dokken, D. J., and White, K. S. (eds.), Climate Change 2001:
Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 343–379.
McLean, R. F., and Woodroffe, C. D., 1994. Coral atolls. In
Carter, R. W. G., and Woodroffe, C. D. (eds.), Coastal Evolution:
Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–302.
Milliman, J. D., 1973. Caribbean coral reefs. In Jones, O. A., and
Endean, R. (eds.), Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 1,
Geology 1, pp. 1–50.
Mimura, N., 1999. Vulnerability of island countries in the South
Pacific to sea level rise and climate change. Climate Research,
12, 137–143.
Mitrovica, J. X., and Peltier, W. R., 1991. On postglacial geoid subsidence over the equatorial oceans. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 96, 20053–20071.
Montaggioni, L. F., 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems
since the last glaciation: development patterns and controlling
factors. Earth Science Reviews, 71, 1–75.
Montaggioni, L. F., and Pirazzoli, P. A., 1984. The significance of
exposed coral conglomerates from French Polynesia (Pacific
Ocean) as indications of recent sea-level changes. Coral Reefs,
3, 29–42.
Morrison, R. J., 1990. Pacific atoll soils: chemistry, mineralogy and
classification. Atoll Research Bulletin, 339, 1–25.
Mueller-Dombois, D., and Fosberg, F. R., 1998. Vegetation of the
tropical Pacific islands. New York: Springer, 733 pp.
Munk, W. H., and Sargent, M. S., 1954. Adjustment of Bikini Atoll
to ocean waves. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper,
260-C, pp. 275–280.
Murray, J., 1889. Structure, origin, and distribution of coral reefs
and islands. Nature, 39, 424–428.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2004. Inventory of the Maldives’
coral reefs using morphometrics generated from Landsat ETMþ
imagery. Coral Reefs, 23, 161–168.
Neumann, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level
rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, 3, 105–110.
Newell, N. D., and Bloom, A. L., 1970. The reef flat and ‘two-meter
eustatic terrace’ of some Pacific atolls. Geological Society of
America, Bulletin, 81, 1881–1894.
Newell, N. D., and Rigby, J. K., 1957. Geological studies on the
Great Bahama Bank. Society of Economic Paleonologists and
Mineralogists, Special Publication, 5, pp. 15–79.
Newell, P. F., Clavier, J., and Riley, J., 1996. The biodiversity of the
invertebrate faunas of the soft sediments from the Great Astrolabe reef (Kadavu Group, Fiji) and Tarawa (Kiribati) lagoons
in the South Pacific. In Biodiversity and Dynamics of Ecosystems. DIPWA series, pp. 237–245.
Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R., Codignotto, J. O., Hay,
J. E., McLean, R. F., Ragoonaden, S., and Woodroffe, C. D.,
2007. Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate Change
2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In Parry, M. L.,
Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., Hanson, C.
E., (eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 315–356.
Niering, W. A., 1963. Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll,
Caroline Islands. Ecological Monographs, 33, 131–160.
Nunn, P. D., 1998. Sea-level changes over the past 1,000 years in the
Pacific. Journal of Coastal Research, 14, 23–30.
Nunn, P. D., 1999. Environmental Change in the Pacific basin.
Chichester: Wiley, 413 pp.
Nunn, P. D., and Peltier, W. R., 2001. Far-field test of the ICE-4G
model of global isostatic response to deglaciation using empirical and theoretical Holocene sea-level reconstructions for the
Fiji Islands, southwestern Pacific. Quaternary Research, 55,
203–214.
Ohde, S., Greaves, M., Massuzawa, T., Buckley, H. A., van Woesik,
R., Wilson, P., Pirazzoli, P. A., and Elderfield, H., 2002. The
chronology of Funafuti Atoll: revisiting an old friend. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series A, 458, 2289–2306.
Pandolfi, J. M., 2008. Geomorphology of the uplifted Pleistocene
atoll at Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group. Biological Journal
of the Linnean Society, 56, 63–77.
Patel, S. S., 2006. A sinking feeling. Nature, 440, 734–736.
Paulay, G., 2001. Benthic ecology and biota of Tarawa atoll lagoon:
influence of equatorial upwelling, circulation, and human harvest. Atoll Research Bulletin, 487, 1–41.
Perrin, C., 1990. Genèse de la morphologie des atolls: le cas de
Mururoa (Polynésie Française). Comptes Rendus. Académie
des Sciences. Série II, 311, 671–678.
Pirazzoli, P. A., 1987. A reconnaissance and geomorphological survey of Temoe Atoll, Gambier Islands (South Pacific). Journal of
Coastal Research, 3, 307–323.
Pirazzoli, P. A., and Montaggioni, L. F., 1986. Late Holocene
changes in the northwest Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia.
Quaternary Research, 25, 350–368.
Pirazzoli, P. A., and Montaggioni, L. F., 1988. Holocene sea-level
changes in French Polynesia. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 68, 153–175.
Pirazzoli, P. A., Delibrias, G., Montaggioni, L. F., Saliège, J. F., and
Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1987. Vitesse de croissance latérale
des platiers et évolution morphologique récente de l’atoll de
Reao, îles Tuamotu, Polnésie française. Annales de L’Institut
Oceanographique, 63, 57–68.
Pirazzoli, P. A., Koba, M., Montaggioni, L. F., and Person, A., 1988.
Anaa (Tuamotu Islands, Central Pacific): an incipient rising
atoll? Marine Geology, 82, 261–269.
Pittock, A. P., 2005. Climate Change: Turning up the Heat.
Earthscan: CSIRO Publishing, 316 pp.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Reef configurations, cause and effect. In
Laporte, L. F. (ed.), Reefs in Time and Space. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,
pp. 9–76.
Purdy, E. G., and Gischler, E., 2005. The transient nature of the
empty bucket model of reef sedimentation. Sedimentary Geology, 175, 35–47.
Purdy, E. G., and Winterer, E. L., 2001. Origin of atoll lagoons.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 837–854.
Raitt, R. W., 1954. Seismic refraction studies of Bikini and Kwajalein Atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 260-K.
Richmond, B. M., 1992. Development of atoll islets in the central
Pacific. Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Congress, 2, 1185–1194.
Richmond, B., 1993. Reconnaissance geology of the Gilbert Group,
Western Kiribati. SOPAC Technical Report, 77, pp. 1–65.
Riegl, B. M., and Dodge, R. E. (eds.), 2008. Coral Reefs of the USA.
New York: Springer.
Rodgers, K. A., 1989. Phosphatic limestones from Tuvalu (Ellice
Islands). Economic Geology, 84, 2252–2266.
Roy, P., and Connell, J., 1989. Greenhouse: impact of sea level rise
on low coral islands in the South Pacific, 6. Research Institute
for Asia and the Pacific Occasional Paper, 55 pp.
Roy, P., and Connell, J., 1991. Climatic change and the future of
atoll states. Journal of Coastal Research, 7, 1057–1075.
Salvat, F., and Salvat, B., 1992. Nukutipipi Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: geomorphology, land and marine flora and fauna and
interrelationships. Atoll Research Bulletin, 357, 1–43.
ATOLLS
69