episodes of the various interglacial periods. Studies from
two sites in New Caledonia showed that the coral reefs
probably flourished only since 400 ka.
Bibliography
Andréfouët, S., Cabioch, G., Flamand, B., and Pelletier, B., 2009.
A reappraisal of the diversity of geomorphological and genetic
processes of New Caledonian coral reefs: a synthesis from optical remote sensing, coring and acoustic multibeam observations.
Coral Reefs, 28, 691–707.
Beck, J. W., Edwards, R. L., Ito, E., Taylor, F. W., Récy, J.,
Rougerie, F., Joannot, P., and Henin, C., 1992. Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium–calcium ratios. Science,
257, 644–647.
Cabioch, G., 2003. Postglacial reef development in the South-West
Pacific: case studies from New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 43–59.
Cabioch, G., Montaggioni, L. F., and Faure, G., 1995. Holocene initiation and development of New Caledonian fringing reefs,
South-West Pacific. Coral Reefs, 14, 131–140.
Cabioch, G., Récy, J., Jouannic, C., and Turpin, L., 1996. Contrôle
environnemental et néotectonique de l’édification récifale en
Nouvelle-Calédonie au cours du Quaternaire terminal. Bulletin
de la Société Géologique de France, 167, 729–742.
Cabioch, G., Montaggioni, L. F., Thouveny, N., Frank, N., Sato, T.,
Chazottes, V., Dalmasso, H., Payri, C. E., Pichon, M., and
Sémah, A. M., 2008. The chronology and structure of the western New Caledonian barrier reef tracts. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 268, 91–105.
Chevalier, J. P., 1968. Géomorphologie de l’ile de Maré. Les récifs
de l’ile de Maré. In Expéd. fr. sur les récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris: Fond. Singer-Polignac, Vol. 3, p. 158.
Corrège, T., Quinn, T., Delcroix, T., Le Cornec, F., Récy, J., and
Cabioch, G., 2001. Little Ice Age sea surface temperature variability in the south west tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research
Letters, 28, 3477–3480.
Coudray, J., 1976. Recherches sur le Néogène et le Quaternaire
marins de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Contribution de l’étude
sédimentologique à la connaissance de l’histoire géologique
post-Eocène de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. In Expéd. fr. sur les
récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris: Fond. SingerPolignac, Vol. 8, pp. 1–276.
Delcroix, T., and Lenormand, O., 1997. ENSO signals in the vicinity of New Caledonia, South West Pacific. Oceanologica Acta,
20, 481–491.
DeLong, K. L., Quinn, T. M., and Taylor, F. W., 2007.
Reconstructing twentieth-century sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific: a replication study using multiple coral Sr/Ca records from New Caledonia.
Paleoeceanography, 22, PA4212.
Dubois, J., Launay, J., and Recy, J., 1974. Uplift movements in New
Caledonia – Loyalty Islands area and their plate tectonics interpretation. Tectonophysics, 24, 133–150.
Dubois, J., Launay, J., and Recy, J., 1975. Some new evidence on lithospheric bulges close to island arcs. Tectonophysics, 26, 189–196.
Fontes, J. Ch., Launay, J., Monzier, M., and Recy, J., 1977. Genetic
hypothesis on the ancient and recent reef complexes in New Caledonia. In International Symposium on Geodynamics in South-West
Pacific, Technip, Nouméa edn. Paris: Technip, pp. 289–300.
Frank, N., Turpin, L., Cabioch, G., Blamart, D., Tressens-Fedou,
M., Colin, C., and Jean-Baptiste, P., 2006. Open system U-series
ages of corals from a subsiding reef in New Caledonia: implications for sea level changes, and subsidence rate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 274–289.
Guilcher, A., 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology. Chichester,
New York: Wiley.
Guillemot, N., Chabanet, P., and Le Pape, O., 2010. Cyclone effects
on coral reef habitats in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Coral
Reefs, doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0587-4.
Guyomard, T. S., Aïssaoui, D. M., and McNeill, D. F., 1996.
Magnetostratigraphic dating of the uplifted atoll of Maré:
geodynamics of the Loyalty Ridge, SW Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 601–612.
Le Roy, P., Cabioch, G., Monod, B., Lagabrielle, Y., Pelletier, B.,
and Flamand, B., 2008. Late Quaternary history of the Nouméa
lagoon (New Caledonia, South West Pacific) as depicted by seismic stratigraphy and multibeam bathymetry: a modern model of
tropical rimmed shelf. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 270, 29–45.
Montaggioni, L. F., Le Cornec, F., Corrège, T., and Cabioch, G., 2006.
Coral Barium/Calcium record of Mid-Holocene upwelling activity
in New-Caledonia, South-West Pacific. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 237, 436–455.
Ourbak, T., Corrège, T., Malaizé, B., Le Cornec, F., Charlier, K., and
Peypouquet, J., 2006. A high resolution investigation of temperature, salinity and upwelling activity proxies in corals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Q03013, doi:10.1029/
2005GC001064.
Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Crowley, T. J., and Link, S. M., 1996.
Evaluation of sampling resolution in coral stable isotope records:
a case study using records from New Caledonia and Tarawa.
Paleoceangraphy, 11, 529–542.
Quinn, T. M., Crowley, T. J., Taylor, F. W., Henin, C., Joannot, P.,
and Join, Y., 1998. A multi-century stable isotope record from
a New Caledonia coral: interannual and decadal sea-surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D.
Paleoceanography, 13, 412–426.
Stephans, C. L., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., and Corrège, T., 2004.
Assessing the reproducibility of coral-based climate records.
Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L18210.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Barrier Reef (Ribbon Reef )
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
Emerged Reefs
Forereef/Reef Front
Fringing Reefs
Glacial Control Hypothesis
Holocene Reefs: Thickness and Characteristics
Last Glacial Interstadials
Last Interglacial and Reef Development
Mid Holocene
Pacific Coral Reefs: An Introduction
Paleoclimate from Corals
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
NOTCH AND VISOR
Stephen Trudgill
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Definition
A notch is a horizontal intertidal recess in a solid coastline.
The upper rock protruding over the recess below gives rise
to the allusion to a “visor” as it can appear to be like a raised
opened visor on the helmet of a suit of armor (Figure 1).
NOTCH AND VISOR
721
two sites in New Caledonia showed that the coral reefs
probably flourished only since 400 ka.
Bibliography
Andréfouët, S., Cabioch, G., Flamand, B., and Pelletier, B., 2009.
A reappraisal of the diversity of geomorphological and genetic
processes of New Caledonian coral reefs: a synthesis from optical remote sensing, coring and acoustic multibeam observations.
Coral Reefs, 28, 691–707.
Beck, J. W., Edwards, R. L., Ito, E., Taylor, F. W., Récy, J.,
Rougerie, F., Joannot, P., and Henin, C., 1992. Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium–calcium ratios. Science,
257, 644–647.
Cabioch, G., 2003. Postglacial reef development in the South-West
Pacific: case studies from New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 43–59.
Cabioch, G., Montaggioni, L. F., and Faure, G., 1995. Holocene initiation and development of New Caledonian fringing reefs,
South-West Pacific. Coral Reefs, 14, 131–140.
Cabioch, G., Récy, J., Jouannic, C., and Turpin, L., 1996. Contrôle
environnemental et néotectonique de l’édification récifale en
Nouvelle-Calédonie au cours du Quaternaire terminal. Bulletin
de la Société Géologique de France, 167, 729–742.
Cabioch, G., Montaggioni, L. F., Thouveny, N., Frank, N., Sato, T.,
Chazottes, V., Dalmasso, H., Payri, C. E., Pichon, M., and
Sémah, A. M., 2008. The chronology and structure of the western New Caledonian barrier reef tracts. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 268, 91–105.
Chevalier, J. P., 1968. Géomorphologie de l’ile de Maré. Les récifs
de l’ile de Maré. In Expéd. fr. sur les récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris: Fond. Singer-Polignac, Vol. 3, p. 158.
Corrège, T., Quinn, T., Delcroix, T., Le Cornec, F., Récy, J., and
Cabioch, G., 2001. Little Ice Age sea surface temperature variability in the south west tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research
Letters, 28, 3477–3480.
Coudray, J., 1976. Recherches sur le Néogène et le Quaternaire
marins de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Contribution de l’étude
sédimentologique à la connaissance de l’histoire géologique
post-Eocène de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. In Expéd. fr. sur les
récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris: Fond. SingerPolignac, Vol. 8, pp. 1–276.
Delcroix, T., and Lenormand, O., 1997. ENSO signals in the vicinity of New Caledonia, South West Pacific. Oceanologica Acta,
20, 481–491.
DeLong, K. L., Quinn, T. M., and Taylor, F. W., 2007.
Reconstructing twentieth-century sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific: a replication study using multiple coral Sr/Ca records from New Caledonia.
Paleoeceanography, 22, PA4212.
Dubois, J., Launay, J., and Recy, J., 1974. Uplift movements in New
Caledonia – Loyalty Islands area and their plate tectonics interpretation. Tectonophysics, 24, 133–150.
Dubois, J., Launay, J., and Recy, J., 1975. Some new evidence on lithospheric bulges close to island arcs. Tectonophysics, 26, 189–196.
Fontes, J. Ch., Launay, J., Monzier, M., and Recy, J., 1977. Genetic
hypothesis on the ancient and recent reef complexes in New Caledonia. In International Symposium on Geodynamics in South-West
Pacific, Technip, Nouméa edn. Paris: Technip, pp. 289–300.
Frank, N., Turpin, L., Cabioch, G., Blamart, D., Tressens-Fedou,
M., Colin, C., and Jean-Baptiste, P., 2006. Open system U-series
ages of corals from a subsiding reef in New Caledonia: implications for sea level changes, and subsidence rate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 274–289.
Guilcher, A., 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology. Chichester,
New York: Wiley.
Guillemot, N., Chabanet, P., and Le Pape, O., 2010. Cyclone effects
on coral reef habitats in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Coral
Reefs, doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0587-4.
Guyomard, T. S., Aïssaoui, D. M., and McNeill, D. F., 1996.
Magnetostratigraphic dating of the uplifted atoll of Maré:
geodynamics of the Loyalty Ridge, SW Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 601–612.
Le Roy, P., Cabioch, G., Monod, B., Lagabrielle, Y., Pelletier, B.,
and Flamand, B., 2008. Late Quaternary history of the Nouméa
lagoon (New Caledonia, South West Pacific) as depicted by seismic stratigraphy and multibeam bathymetry: a modern model of
tropical rimmed shelf. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 270, 29–45.
Montaggioni, L. F., Le Cornec, F., Corrège, T., and Cabioch, G., 2006.
Coral Barium/Calcium record of Mid-Holocene upwelling activity
in New-Caledonia, South-West Pacific. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 237, 436–455.
Ourbak, T., Corrège, T., Malaizé, B., Le Cornec, F., Charlier, K., and
Peypouquet, J., 2006. A high resolution investigation of temperature, salinity and upwelling activity proxies in corals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Q03013, doi:10.1029/
2005GC001064.
Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Crowley, T. J., and Link, S. M., 1996.
Evaluation of sampling resolution in coral stable isotope records:
a case study using records from New Caledonia and Tarawa.
Paleoceangraphy, 11, 529–542.
Quinn, T. M., Crowley, T. J., Taylor, F. W., Henin, C., Joannot, P.,
and Join, Y., 1998. A multi-century stable isotope record from
a New Caledonia coral: interannual and decadal sea-surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D.
Paleoceanography, 13, 412–426.
Stephans, C. L., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., and Corrège, T., 2004.
Assessing the reproducibility of coral-based climate records.
Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L18210.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Barrier Reef (Ribbon Reef )
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
Emerged Reefs
Forereef/Reef Front
Fringing Reefs
Glacial Control Hypothesis
Holocene Reefs: Thickness and Characteristics
Last Glacial Interstadials
Last Interglacial and Reef Development
Mid Holocene
Pacific Coral Reefs: An Introduction
Paleoclimate from Corals
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
NOTCH AND VISOR
Stephen Trudgill
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Definition
A notch is a horizontal intertidal recess in a solid coastline.
The upper rock protruding over the recess below gives rise
to the allusion to a “visor” as it can appear to be like a raised
opened visor on the helmet of a suit of armor (Figure 1).
NOTCH AND VISOR
721