from Quaternary foreslope deposits in the Bahamas. Marine
Geology, 103, 125–136.
Graus, R. R., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., and Boker, A. M., 1977. Structural modification of corals in relation to waves and currents. In
Frost, S. H., Weiss, M. P., and Saunders, J. B. (eds.), Reefs and
Related Carbonates – Ecology and Sedimentology 135–153.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology. Vol. 4, OK: Tulsa.
Graus, R. R., and Macintyre, I. G., 1989. The zonation patterns of
Caribbean coral reefs as controlled by wave and light energy
input, bathymetric setting and reef morphology: computer simulation experiments. Coral Reefs, 8, 9–18.
Graus, R. R., Macintyre, I. G., and Herghenroder, B. E., 1984. Computer simulation of reef zonation at Discovery Bay, Jamaica –
hurricane disruption and long-term physical oceanographic
effects. Coral Reefs, 3, 59–68.
Graus, R. R., Macintyre, I. G., and Herghenroder, B. E., 1985. Computer simulation of the Holocene facies history of a Caribbean
fringing reef (Galeta Point, Panama). Proceedings of the 5th
International Coral Reef Symposium 3, 317–322.
Guilcher, A., 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology. New York: Wiley,
256pp.
Harris, P. T., and Davies, P. J., 1989. Submerged reefs and terraces
on the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia – Morphology, occurrence and implications for reef evolution. Coral Reefs,
8, 87–98.
Harris, P. T., Heap, A. D., Marshall, J. F., and McCulloch, M. T.,
2008. A new coral reef province in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: colonisation, growth and submergence during the early
Holocene. Marine Geology, 251, 85–97.
Hartman, W. D., and Goreau, T. F., 1970. Jamaican coralline
sponges: their morphology, ecology, and fossil relatives. Zoological Society London Symposium, 25, 205–243.
Harvey, N., and Hopley, D., 1981. The relationship between modern
reef morphology and a pre-Holocene substrate in the Great Barrier Reef Province. Proceedings of the 4th International Coral
Reef Symposium, 1, 549–554.
Henny, R. W., Mercer, J. W., and Zbur, R. T., 1974. Near surface
geologic investigations at Eniwetok Atoll. In Proceedings of
the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium. Brisbane, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Committee, Vol. 2, pp. 615–626.
Hijima, M. P., and Cohen, K. M., 2010. Timing and magnitude of
the sea-level jump preluding the 8200 yr event. Geology, 38,
275–278.
Hopley, D., 1982. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef:
Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs. New York: Wiley, 453pp.
Hubbard, D. K., Burke, R. P., and Gill, I. P., 1985. Accretion in deep
shelf-edge reefs, St. Croix, U.S.V.I. In Crevello, P. D., and Harris, P. M. (eds.), Deep-water Carbonates – a core workshop
(New Orleans, March 23–24, 1985) 491–527. SEPM Core
Workshop No. 6, OK: Tulsa.
Intes, A., and Caillart, B., 1994. Environment and biota of the
Tikehau atoll (Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia). In An
Atoll of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). Atoll
Research Bulletin. Vol. 415, 34p.
Kan, H., Hori, N., and Ichikawa, K., 1997b. Formation of a coral
reef-front spur. Coral Reefs, 16, 3–4.
Kan, H., Hori, N., Kawana, T., Kaigara, T., and Ichikawa, K., 1997a.
The evolution of a Holocene fringing reef and island: reefal environmental sequence and sea level change in Tonaki Island, the
central Ryukyus. Atoll Research Bulletin, 443, 1–20.
Keating, B., 1985. Submersible observations on the flanks of Johnston Island, central Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, 6, 413–418.
Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2006. Wave processes on coral
reef flats: implications for reef geomorphology using Australian
case studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 22, 209–223.
Kench, P. S., and Mclean, R. F., 2004. Hydrodynamics and sediment
flux of hoa in an Indian Ocean atoll. Earth Surface Processes
and Landforms, 29, 933–953.
Kraines, S., Susuki, A., Yanagi, T., Isobe, M., Guo, X., and
Komiyama, H., 1999. Rapid water exchange between the lagoon
and the open ocean at Majuro Atoll due to wind, waves, and tide.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 15635–15654.
Ladd, H. S., Tracey, J. I., Jr., Wells, J. W., and Emery, K. O., 1950.
Organic growth and sedimentation on an atoll. Journal of Geology, 58, 410–425.
Land, L. S., and Moore, C. H., Jr., 1977. Deep forereef and upper
island slope, north Jamaica. In Frost, S. H., Weiss, M. P., and
Saunders, J. B. (eds.), Reefs and Related Carbonates – Ecology
and Sedimentology 53–56. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Studies in Geology No. 4, OK: Tulsa.
Lang, J. C., Hartman, W. D., and Land, L. S., 1975. Sclerosponges –
Primary framework constructors on Jamaican deep fore-reef.
Journal of Marine Research, 33, 223–231.
Lesser, M. P., Slattery, M., and Leichter, J. J., 2009. Ecology of
mesophotic coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 375, 1–8.
Liddell, W. D., and Ohlhorst, S. L., 1988. Hard substrata community
patterns, 1–120 m, north Jamaica. Palaios, 3, 413–423.
Lighty, R. G., Macintyre, I. G., and Stuckenrath, R., 1978. Submerged early Holocene barrier reef southeast Florida shelf.
Nature, 275, 59–60.
Littler, M. M., and Doty, M. S., 1975. Ecological components structuring the seaward edges of tropical Pacific reefs: The Distribution, Communities and Productivity of Porolithon. Journal of
Ecology, 63(1), 117–129.
Macintyre, I. G., Burke, R. B., and Stuckenrath, R., 1981. Core
holes in the outer fore-reef off Carrie BowCay, Belize: a key to
the Holocene history of the Belizean barrier reef complex. In
Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium
(Manila). Vol. 1, pp. 567–574.
Macintyre, I. G., Glynn, P. W., and Steneck, R. S., 2001. A classic
Caribbean algal ridge, Holandes Cays, Panama: an algal coated
storm deposit. Coral Reefs, 20, 95–105.
MacNeil, F. S., 1954. The shape of atolls – an inheritance from
subaerial erosion forms. American Journal of Science, 252,
402–427.
MacNeil, F. S., 1972. Physical and biological aspects of atolls in the
northern Marshalls. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Corals and Coral Reefs. Vol. 1, pp. 507–567.
Madin, J. S., and Connolly, S. R., 2006. Ecological consequences of
major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs. Nature, 444,
477–480.
Maragos, J. E., 1993. Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in
the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Coastal Management, 21,
235–269.
Marshall, J. F., and Jacobson, G., 1985. Holocene growth of a midPacific atoll: Tarawa, Kiribati. Coral Reefs, 4, 11–17.
Maxwell, W. G. H., 1968. Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 258pp.
McKee, E. D., 1959. Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 29, 354–364.
Munk, W. H., and Sargent, M. C., 1954. Adjustment of Bikini Atoll
to ocean waves. In Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-C, pp. 275–280.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2001. Assessing the integrated
growth response of coral reefs to monsoon forcing using
morphometric analysis of reefs in Maldives. In Proceedings
of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Vo. 1, pp.
75–80.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2004. Inventory of the Maldives’
coral reefs using morphometrics generated from Landsat ETMþ
imagery. Coral Reefs, Vol. 23, pp. 161–168.
484
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
Geology, 103, 125–136.
Graus, R. R., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., and Boker, A. M., 1977. Structural modification of corals in relation to waves and currents. In
Frost, S. H., Weiss, M. P., and Saunders, J. B. (eds.), Reefs and
Related Carbonates – Ecology and Sedimentology 135–153.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology. Vol. 4, OK: Tulsa.
Graus, R. R., and Macintyre, I. G., 1989. The zonation patterns of
Caribbean coral reefs as controlled by wave and light energy
input, bathymetric setting and reef morphology: computer simulation experiments. Coral Reefs, 8, 9–18.
Graus, R. R., Macintyre, I. G., and Herghenroder, B. E., 1984. Computer simulation of reef zonation at Discovery Bay, Jamaica –
hurricane disruption and long-term physical oceanographic
effects. Coral Reefs, 3, 59–68.
Graus, R. R., Macintyre, I. G., and Herghenroder, B. E., 1985. Computer simulation of the Holocene facies history of a Caribbean
fringing reef (Galeta Point, Panama). Proceedings of the 5th
International Coral Reef Symposium 3, 317–322.
Guilcher, A., 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology. New York: Wiley,
256pp.
Harris, P. T., and Davies, P. J., 1989. Submerged reefs and terraces
on the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia – Morphology, occurrence and implications for reef evolution. Coral Reefs,
8, 87–98.
Harris, P. T., Heap, A. D., Marshall, J. F., and McCulloch, M. T.,
2008. A new coral reef province in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: colonisation, growth and submergence during the early
Holocene. Marine Geology, 251, 85–97.
Hartman, W. D., and Goreau, T. F., 1970. Jamaican coralline
sponges: their morphology, ecology, and fossil relatives. Zoological Society London Symposium, 25, 205–243.
Harvey, N., and Hopley, D., 1981. The relationship between modern
reef morphology and a pre-Holocene substrate in the Great Barrier Reef Province. Proceedings of the 4th International Coral
Reef Symposium, 1, 549–554.
Henny, R. W., Mercer, J. W., and Zbur, R. T., 1974. Near surface
geologic investigations at Eniwetok Atoll. In Proceedings of
the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium. Brisbane, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Committee, Vol. 2, pp. 615–626.
Hijima, M. P., and Cohen, K. M., 2010. Timing and magnitude of
the sea-level jump preluding the 8200 yr event. Geology, 38,
275–278.
Hopley, D., 1982. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef:
Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs. New York: Wiley, 453pp.
Hubbard, D. K., Burke, R. P., and Gill, I. P., 1985. Accretion in deep
shelf-edge reefs, St. Croix, U.S.V.I. In Crevello, P. D., and Harris, P. M. (eds.), Deep-water Carbonates – a core workshop
(New Orleans, March 23–24, 1985) 491–527. SEPM Core
Workshop No. 6, OK: Tulsa.
Intes, A., and Caillart, B., 1994. Environment and biota of the
Tikehau atoll (Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia). In An
Atoll of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). Atoll
Research Bulletin. Vol. 415, 34p.
Kan, H., Hori, N., and Ichikawa, K., 1997b. Formation of a coral
reef-front spur. Coral Reefs, 16, 3–4.
Kan, H., Hori, N., Kawana, T., Kaigara, T., and Ichikawa, K., 1997a.
The evolution of a Holocene fringing reef and island: reefal environmental sequence and sea level change in Tonaki Island, the
central Ryukyus. Atoll Research Bulletin, 443, 1–20.
Keating, B., 1985. Submersible observations on the flanks of Johnston Island, central Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, 6, 413–418.
Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2006. Wave processes on coral
reef flats: implications for reef geomorphology using Australian
case studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 22, 209–223.
Kench, P. S., and Mclean, R. F., 2004. Hydrodynamics and sediment
flux of hoa in an Indian Ocean atoll. Earth Surface Processes
and Landforms, 29, 933–953.
Kraines, S., Susuki, A., Yanagi, T., Isobe, M., Guo, X., and
Komiyama, H., 1999. Rapid water exchange between the lagoon
and the open ocean at Majuro Atoll due to wind, waves, and tide.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 15635–15654.
Ladd, H. S., Tracey, J. I., Jr., Wells, J. W., and Emery, K. O., 1950.
Organic growth and sedimentation on an atoll. Journal of Geology, 58, 410–425.
Land, L. S., and Moore, C. H., Jr., 1977. Deep forereef and upper
island slope, north Jamaica. In Frost, S. H., Weiss, M. P., and
Saunders, J. B. (eds.), Reefs and Related Carbonates – Ecology
and Sedimentology 53–56. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Studies in Geology No. 4, OK: Tulsa.
Lang, J. C., Hartman, W. D., and Land, L. S., 1975. Sclerosponges –
Primary framework constructors on Jamaican deep fore-reef.
Journal of Marine Research, 33, 223–231.
Lesser, M. P., Slattery, M., and Leichter, J. J., 2009. Ecology of
mesophotic coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 375, 1–8.
Liddell, W. D., and Ohlhorst, S. L., 1988. Hard substrata community
patterns, 1–120 m, north Jamaica. Palaios, 3, 413–423.
Lighty, R. G., Macintyre, I. G., and Stuckenrath, R., 1978. Submerged early Holocene barrier reef southeast Florida shelf.
Nature, 275, 59–60.
Littler, M. M., and Doty, M. S., 1975. Ecological components structuring the seaward edges of tropical Pacific reefs: The Distribution, Communities and Productivity of Porolithon. Journal of
Ecology, 63(1), 117–129.
Macintyre, I. G., Burke, R. B., and Stuckenrath, R., 1981. Core
holes in the outer fore-reef off Carrie BowCay, Belize: a key to
the Holocene history of the Belizean barrier reef complex. In
Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium
(Manila). Vol. 1, pp. 567–574.
Macintyre, I. G., Glynn, P. W., and Steneck, R. S., 2001. A classic
Caribbean algal ridge, Holandes Cays, Panama: an algal coated
storm deposit. Coral Reefs, 20, 95–105.
MacNeil, F. S., 1954. The shape of atolls – an inheritance from
subaerial erosion forms. American Journal of Science, 252,
402–427.
MacNeil, F. S., 1972. Physical and biological aspects of atolls in the
northern Marshalls. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Corals and Coral Reefs. Vol. 1, pp. 507–567.
Madin, J. S., and Connolly, S. R., 2006. Ecological consequences of
major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs. Nature, 444,
477–480.
Maragos, J. E., 1993. Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in
the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Coastal Management, 21,
235–269.
Marshall, J. F., and Jacobson, G., 1985. Holocene growth of a midPacific atoll: Tarawa, Kiribati. Coral Reefs, 4, 11–17.
Maxwell, W. G. H., 1968. Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 258pp.
McKee, E. D., 1959. Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 29, 354–364.
Munk, W. H., and Sargent, M. C., 1954. Adjustment of Bikini Atoll
to ocean waves. In Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Marshall Islands.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-C, pp. 275–280.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2001. Assessing the integrated
growth response of coral reefs to monsoon forcing using
morphometric analysis of reefs in Maldives. In Proceedings
of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Vo. 1, pp.
75–80.
Naseer, A., and Hatcher, B. G., 2004. Inventory of the Maldives’
coral reefs using morphometrics generated from Landsat ETMþ
imagery. Coral Reefs, Vol. 23, pp. 161–168.
484
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION