a reflection of the underlying antecedent substrate –
a position that would surely have Darwin turning in his
grave. Although examples do exist of this substrate control, scaling-up of the concept to entire reef systems denies
abundant evidence that reefs have built impressively thick,
well-structured edifices during the last 14 ka, which have
maintained their breakwater position as post-glacial sea
level rose 120 m or more from its glacial low-stand. An
understanding of the interactions and feedbacks that control reef organization during this development is key to
assessing resilience and resistance of modern reef systems
in the face of human-induced global environmental
change.
Bibliography
Adey, W. H., and Vassar, J. M., 1975. Succession and accretion rates
in Caribbean crustose corallines. Phycologia, 14, 55–69.
Allen, J. R. L., 1982. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and
Physical Basis. New York: Elsevier, 593pp.
Anderson, R. C., 1998. Submarine topography of Maldivian atolls
suggests a sea level of 130 metres below present at the last glacial
maximum. Coral Reefs, 17, 339–341.
Andréfouet, S., Claereboudt, M., Matsakis, P., Pages, J., and
Dufour, P., 2001. Typology of atolls rims in Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) at landscape scale using SPOT-HRV
images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 987–
1004.
Andrews, J. C., and Pickard, G. L., 1990. The physical oceanography of coral-reef systems. In Dubinsky, Z. (ed.), Coral Reefs.
Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 25, pp. 11–48.
Atkinson, M., Smith, S. V., and Stroup, E. D., 1981. Circulation of
Enewetak atoll lagoon. Limnology and Oceanography, 26,
1074–1083.
Baines, G. B. K., Beveridge, P. J., and Maragos, J. E., 1974. Storms
and island building at Funafuti atoll, Ellice Islands. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium. Brisbane,
Vol. 1, pp. 485–496.
Bayliss-Smith, T. P., 1988. The role of hurricanes in the development of reef islands, Ontong Java Atoll, Solomon Islands. Geographical Journal, 154, 377–391.
Bianchi, C. N., Colantoni, P., Geister, J., and Morri, C., 1997. Reef
geomorphology, sediments and ecological zonation at Felidu
Atoll, Maldive Islands (Indian Ocean). In Proceedings of the
8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 1, pp. 431–436.
Blanchon, P., and Blakeway, D., 2003. Are catch-up reefs an artifact
of coring? Sedimentology, 50, 1271–1282.
Blanchon, P., and Jones, B., 1997. Hurricane control on shelf-edgereef architecture around Grand Cayman. Sedimentology, 44,
479–506.
Blanchon, P., and Jones, B., 1995. Marine-planation terraces on the
shelf around Grand Cayman: A result of stepped Holocene sealevel rise. Journal of Coastal Research, 11, 1–33.
Blanchon, P., Jones, B., and Ford, D. C., 2002. Discovery of
a submerged relic reef and shoreline off Grand Cayman: further
support for an early Holocene jump in sea level. Sedimentary
Geology, 147, 253– 270.
Blumenstock, D. I., 1961. A report upon typhoon effects on Jaluit
atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin, 75, 1–105.
Burke, R. B., 1982. Reconnaissance study of the geomorphology
and benthic communities of the outer barrier reef platform,
Belize. In Rützler, K., and Macintyre, I. G. (eds.), The Atlantic
Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize: I. Structure
and Communities. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,
539pp.
Callaghan, D. P., Nielsen, P., Cartwright, N., Gourlay, M. R., and
Baldock, T. E., 2006. Atoll lagoon flushing forced by waves.
Coastal Engineering, 53, 691–704.
Chappell, J., 1980. Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth.
Nature, 286, 249–252.
Chevalier, J. P., Denizot, M., Mougin, J. L., Plessis, Y., and Salvat,
B., 1968. Etude geomorphologique et bionomique de l’atoll de
Mururoa. Cahiers du Pacifique, 12, 1–189.
Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1952. Preliminary report on geology and marine
environments of Onotao Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Atoll Research
Bulletin, 12, 1–73.
Colin, P. L., Devaney, M., Hillis-Colinvaux, L., Suchanek, T. H.,
and Harrison, J. T., 1986. Geology and biological zonation of
the reef slope, 50–360 m depth at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall
Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38, 111–128.
Collins, L. B., Zhu, Z. R., and Wyrwoll, K. H., 1996. The structure
of the Easter Platform, Houtman Abrolhos Reefs: Pleistocene
foundations and Holocene reef growth. Marine Geology, 135,
1–13.
Dickinson, W. R., 2004. Impacts of eustasy and hydro-isostasy on
the evolution and landforms of Pacific atolls. Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 213, 251–269.
Done, T. J., 1982. Patterns in the distribution of coral communities
across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1, 95–107.
Done, T. J., 1983. Coral zonation: its nature and significance. In
Barnes, D. J. (ed.), Perspectives on Coral Reefs. Townsville
(Australia): Australian Institute of Marine Science, pp. 107–149.
Easton, W. H., and Olson, E. A., 1976. Radiocarbon profile of
Hanauma Reef, Oahu, Hawaii. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 87, 711–719.
Emery, K. O., 1961. Submerged marine terraces and their sediments. Zeitschrift für. Geomorphologie, Supplements, 3, 17–29.
Emery, K. O., Tracey, J. I., and Ladd, H. S., 1954. Geology of Bikini
and nearby atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper,
p. 265.
Fairbanks, R. G., 1989. A 17,000-year long glacio-eustatic sea level
record: influence of glacial meltingates on the Younger Dryas
event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342, 637–642.
Garrison, L. E., and McMaster, R. L., 1966. Sediments and geomorphology of the continental shelf off southern New England.
Marine Geology, 4, 273–289.
Geister, J., 1977. The influence of wave exposure on the ecological
zonation of Caribbean coral reefs. In Proceedings of the Third
International Coral Reef Symposium. University of Miami,
Rosensthiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami,
FL, Vol. 1, pp. 23–29.
Geister, J., 1980. Calm-water reefs and rough-water reefs of the
Caribbean Pleistocene. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 25,
541–556.
Ginsburg, R. N., Harris, P. M., Eberli, G. P., and Swart, P. K., 1991.
The growth potential of a bypass margin, Great Bahama Bank.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61, 976–987.
Glynn, P. W., Veron, J. E. N., and Wellington, G. M., 1996.
Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs,
15, 71–99.
Goreau, T. F., and Goreau, N. I., 1973. Ecology of Jamaican coral
reefs 2. Geomorphology, zonation, and sedimentary phases. Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 399–464.
Goreau, T. F., Goreau, N. I., and Goreau, T. J., 1979. Corals and
coral reefs. Scientific American, 241, 124–136.
Goreau, T. F., and Land, L. S., 1974. Fore-reef morphology and
depositional processes, north Jamaica. In Laporte, L. F. (ed.),
Reefs in Time and Space 77–89. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Special Publication, No. 18, OK: Tulsa.
Grammer, G. M., and Ginsburg, R. N., 1992. Highstand versus
lowstand deposition on carbonate platform margins: insight
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
483
a position that would surely have Darwin turning in his
grave. Although examples do exist of this substrate control, scaling-up of the concept to entire reef systems denies
abundant evidence that reefs have built impressively thick,
well-structured edifices during the last 14 ka, which have
maintained their breakwater position as post-glacial sea
level rose 120 m or more from its glacial low-stand. An
understanding of the interactions and feedbacks that control reef organization during this development is key to
assessing resilience and resistance of modern reef systems
in the face of human-induced global environmental
change.
Bibliography
Adey, W. H., and Vassar, J. M., 1975. Succession and accretion rates
in Caribbean crustose corallines. Phycologia, 14, 55–69.
Allen, J. R. L., 1982. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and
Physical Basis. New York: Elsevier, 593pp.
Anderson, R. C., 1998. Submarine topography of Maldivian atolls
suggests a sea level of 130 metres below present at the last glacial
maximum. Coral Reefs, 17, 339–341.
Andréfouet, S., Claereboudt, M., Matsakis, P., Pages, J., and
Dufour, P., 2001. Typology of atolls rims in Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) at landscape scale using SPOT-HRV
images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 987–
1004.
Andrews, J. C., and Pickard, G. L., 1990. The physical oceanography of coral-reef systems. In Dubinsky, Z. (ed.), Coral Reefs.
Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 25, pp. 11–48.
Atkinson, M., Smith, S. V., and Stroup, E. D., 1981. Circulation of
Enewetak atoll lagoon. Limnology and Oceanography, 26,
1074–1083.
Baines, G. B. K., Beveridge, P. J., and Maragos, J. E., 1974. Storms
and island building at Funafuti atoll, Ellice Islands. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium. Brisbane,
Vol. 1, pp. 485–496.
Bayliss-Smith, T. P., 1988. The role of hurricanes in the development of reef islands, Ontong Java Atoll, Solomon Islands. Geographical Journal, 154, 377–391.
Bianchi, C. N., Colantoni, P., Geister, J., and Morri, C., 1997. Reef
geomorphology, sediments and ecological zonation at Felidu
Atoll, Maldive Islands (Indian Ocean). In Proceedings of the
8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 1, pp. 431–436.
Blanchon, P., and Blakeway, D., 2003. Are catch-up reefs an artifact
of coring? Sedimentology, 50, 1271–1282.
Blanchon, P., and Jones, B., 1997. Hurricane control on shelf-edgereef architecture around Grand Cayman. Sedimentology, 44,
479–506.
Blanchon, P., and Jones, B., 1995. Marine-planation terraces on the
shelf around Grand Cayman: A result of stepped Holocene sealevel rise. Journal of Coastal Research, 11, 1–33.
Blanchon, P., Jones, B., and Ford, D. C., 2002. Discovery of
a submerged relic reef and shoreline off Grand Cayman: further
support for an early Holocene jump in sea level. Sedimentary
Geology, 147, 253– 270.
Blumenstock, D. I., 1961. A report upon typhoon effects on Jaluit
atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin, 75, 1–105.
Burke, R. B., 1982. Reconnaissance study of the geomorphology
and benthic communities of the outer barrier reef platform,
Belize. In Rützler, K., and Macintyre, I. G. (eds.), The Atlantic
Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize: I. Structure
and Communities. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,
539pp.
Callaghan, D. P., Nielsen, P., Cartwright, N., Gourlay, M. R., and
Baldock, T. E., 2006. Atoll lagoon flushing forced by waves.
Coastal Engineering, 53, 691–704.
Chappell, J., 1980. Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth.
Nature, 286, 249–252.
Chevalier, J. P., Denizot, M., Mougin, J. L., Plessis, Y., and Salvat,
B., 1968. Etude geomorphologique et bionomique de l’atoll de
Mururoa. Cahiers du Pacifique, 12, 1–189.
Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1952. Preliminary report on geology and marine
environments of Onotao Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Atoll Research
Bulletin, 12, 1–73.
Colin, P. L., Devaney, M., Hillis-Colinvaux, L., Suchanek, T. H.,
and Harrison, J. T., 1986. Geology and biological zonation of
the reef slope, 50–360 m depth at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall
Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38, 111–128.
Collins, L. B., Zhu, Z. R., and Wyrwoll, K. H., 1996. The structure
of the Easter Platform, Houtman Abrolhos Reefs: Pleistocene
foundations and Holocene reef growth. Marine Geology, 135,
1–13.
Dickinson, W. R., 2004. Impacts of eustasy and hydro-isostasy on
the evolution and landforms of Pacific atolls. Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 213, 251–269.
Done, T. J., 1982. Patterns in the distribution of coral communities
across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 1, 95–107.
Done, T. J., 1983. Coral zonation: its nature and significance. In
Barnes, D. J. (ed.), Perspectives on Coral Reefs. Townsville
(Australia): Australian Institute of Marine Science, pp. 107–149.
Easton, W. H., and Olson, E. A., 1976. Radiocarbon profile of
Hanauma Reef, Oahu, Hawaii. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 87, 711–719.
Emery, K. O., 1961. Submerged marine terraces and their sediments. Zeitschrift für. Geomorphologie, Supplements, 3, 17–29.
Emery, K. O., Tracey, J. I., and Ladd, H. S., 1954. Geology of Bikini
and nearby atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper,
p. 265.
Fairbanks, R. G., 1989. A 17,000-year long glacio-eustatic sea level
record: influence of glacial meltingates on the Younger Dryas
event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342, 637–642.
Garrison, L. E., and McMaster, R. L., 1966. Sediments and geomorphology of the continental shelf off southern New England.
Marine Geology, 4, 273–289.
Geister, J., 1977. The influence of wave exposure on the ecological
zonation of Caribbean coral reefs. In Proceedings of the Third
International Coral Reef Symposium. University of Miami,
Rosensthiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami,
FL, Vol. 1, pp. 23–29.
Geister, J., 1980. Calm-water reefs and rough-water reefs of the
Caribbean Pleistocene. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 25,
541–556.
Ginsburg, R. N., Harris, P. M., Eberli, G. P., and Swart, P. K., 1991.
The growth potential of a bypass margin, Great Bahama Bank.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61, 976–987.
Glynn, P. W., Veron, J. E. N., and Wellington, G. M., 1996.
Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs,
15, 71–99.
Goreau, T. F., and Goreau, N. I., 1973. Ecology of Jamaican coral
reefs 2. Geomorphology, zonation, and sedimentary phases. Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 399–464.
Goreau, T. F., Goreau, N. I., and Goreau, T. J., 1979. Corals and
coral reefs. Scientific American, 241, 124–136.
Goreau, T. F., and Land, L. S., 1974. Fore-reef morphology and
depositional processes, north Jamaica. In Laporte, L. F. (ed.),
Reefs in Time and Space 77–89. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Special Publication, No. 18, OK: Tulsa.
Grammer, G. M., and Ginsburg, R. N., 1992. Highstand versus
lowstand deposition on carbonate platform margins: insight
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
483