Hopley, D., Smithers, S. G., and Parnell, K. E., 2007. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Development, Diversity and
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jago, O. K., Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2007. Field observations of wave-driven water-level gradients across a coral reef
flat. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 112, C06027.
Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2006. Wave processes on coral
reef flats: Implications for reef geomorphology using Australian
case studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 22, 209–223.
Kennedy, D. M., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2002. Fringing reef
growth and morphology: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 57,
255–277.
Kraines, S. B., Yanagi, T., Isobe, M., and Komiyama, H., 1998.
Wind-wave driven circulation on the coral reef at Bora Bay,
Miyako Island. Coral Reefs, 17, 133–143.
Lowe, R. J., Falter, J. L., Bandet, M. D., Pawlak, G., Atkinson,
M. J., Monismith, S. G., and Koseff, J. R., 2005. Spectral wave
dissipation over a barrier reef. Journal of Geophysical Research,
110, C04001.
Lowe, R. J., Falter, J. L., Monismith, S. G., and Atkinson, M. J.,
2009. Wave-driven circulation of a coastal reef-lagoon system.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39, 873–893.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Hernandez-Avila, M. L., and Roberts, H. H.,
1994. Wave-energy distribution and hurricane effects on
Margarita Reef, southwestern Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 13,
21–32.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Suhayda, J. N., 1998a
Wave transformations across a Caribbean fringing-barrier coral
reef. Continental Shelf Research, 18, 1099–1124.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Wiseman, W. J. Jr, 1998b.
Tide effects on wave attenuation and wave set-up on a Caribbean
coral reef. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47, 385–393.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., Wiseman, W. J., and Carter,
B. L., 1998c. Water level and currents of tidal and infragravity
periods at Tague Reef, St. Croix (USVI). Coral Reefs, 17,
343–349.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Wiseman, W. J., 2004.
Currents, water levels, and mass transport over a modern Caribbean coral reef: Tague Reef, St. Croix, USVI. Continental Shelf
Research, 24, 1989–2009.
Marsh, J. A., Ross, R. M., and Zolan, W. J., 1981. Water circulation
on two Guam reef flats. In Proceedings of the 4th International
Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 355–360.
Monismith, S. G., 2007. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics, 39, 37–55.
Nelson, R. C., 1994. Depth limited design wave heights in very flat
regions. Coastal Engineering, 23, 43–59.
Parnell, K. E., 1988a. The hydrodynamics of fringing reef bays in
the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In Proceedings of the 6th
International Coral Reef Symposium, James Cook University,
Australia, pp. 503–508.
Parnell, K. E., 1988b. Physical process studies in the Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park. Progress in Physical Geography, 12,
209–237.
Peguignet, A. C. N., Becker, J. M., Merrifield, M. A., and Aucan, J.,
2009. Forcing of resonant modes on a fringing reef during
tropical storm Man-Yi. Geophysical Research Letters, 36,
L03607.
Presto, M. K., Ogston, A. S., Storlazzi, C. D., and Field, M. E.,
2006. Temporal and spatial variability in the flow and dispersal
of suspended-sediment on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 67, 67–81.
Roberts, H. H., 1981. Physical processes and sediment flux through
reef-lagoon systems. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference on
Coastal Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 946–962.
Roberts, H. H., and Suhayda, M., 1983. Wave current interactions
on a shallow reef (Nicaragua). Coral Reefs, 1, 209–260.
Roberts, H. H., Murray, S. P., and Suhayda, J. N., 1975. Physical
processes in a fringing reef system. Journal of Marine Research,
33, 233–260.
Storlazzi, C. D., Ogston, A. S., Bothner, M. H., Field, M. E., and
Presto, M. K., 2004. Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment
flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii.
Continental Shelf Research, 24, 1397–1419.
Symonds, G., Black, K. P., and Young, I. R., 1995. Wave-driven
flow over shallow reefs. Journal of Geophysical ResearchOceans, 100, 2639–2648.
Tamura, H., Nadaoka, K., and Paringit, E. C., 2007. Hydrodynamic
characteristics of a fringing coral reef on the east coast of
Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan. Coral Reefs, 26, 17–34.
Wolanski, E., 1986. Water circulation in a topographically complex
environment. In van de Kreeke, J. (ed.), Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 154–167.
Wolanski, E., 1993. Facts and numerical artifacts in modelling the
dispersal of crown-of-thorn starfish larvae in the Great Barrier
Reef. Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research,
44, 427–436.
Yamano, H., Kayanne, H., Yonekura, N., Nakamura, H., and Kudo,
K., 1998. Water circulation in a fringing reef located in
a monsoon area: Kabira Reef, Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan.
Coral Reefs, 17, 89–99.
Young, I., 1989. Wave transformation over coral reefs. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 94, 9779–9789.
Cross-references
Boat Channel
Fringing Reefs
Lagoon Circulation
Moats
Reef Flats
Reef Front Wave Energy
Residence Time
Wave Set-Up
Waves and Wave-Driven Currents
FRINGING REEFS
Scott Smithers
James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Definition
“Fringing reefs” are reefs that grow very close to the
shore on mainland or high island (continental shelf or
volcanic mid-ocean island) coasts. They are generally
shore-attached, although back-reef areas can be shallowly
submerged. Most fringing reefs are simple structures
geomorphologically which can be divided into three main
zones: forereef, reef crest, and backreef. They tend to be
relatively narrow reefs where the submarine slope is steep
and broader where it is gentle, and they usually consist
of a thin but seaward thickening veneer of reefal carbonate deposited over a rocky substrate. Fringing reefs are
the first in the subsidence-driven Darwinian reef sequence
(fringing reef – barrier reef – atoll; Darwin, 1842). They
are often relatively young reefs and tend to be best developed on stable or rising coasts.
430
FRINGING REEFS
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jago, O. K., Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2007. Field observations of wave-driven water-level gradients across a coral reef
flat. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 112, C06027.
Kench, P. S., and Brander, R. W., 2006. Wave processes on coral
reef flats: Implications for reef geomorphology using Australian
case studies. Journal of Coastal Research, 22, 209–223.
Kennedy, D. M., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2002. Fringing reef
growth and morphology: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 57,
255–277.
Kraines, S. B., Yanagi, T., Isobe, M., and Komiyama, H., 1998.
Wind-wave driven circulation on the coral reef at Bora Bay,
Miyako Island. Coral Reefs, 17, 133–143.
Lowe, R. J., Falter, J. L., Bandet, M. D., Pawlak, G., Atkinson,
M. J., Monismith, S. G., and Koseff, J. R., 2005. Spectral wave
dissipation over a barrier reef. Journal of Geophysical Research,
110, C04001.
Lowe, R. J., Falter, J. L., Monismith, S. G., and Atkinson, M. J.,
2009. Wave-driven circulation of a coastal reef-lagoon system.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39, 873–893.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Hernandez-Avila, M. L., and Roberts, H. H.,
1994. Wave-energy distribution and hurricane effects on
Margarita Reef, southwestern Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 13,
21–32.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Suhayda, J. N., 1998a
Wave transformations across a Caribbean fringing-barrier coral
reef. Continental Shelf Research, 18, 1099–1124.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Wiseman, W. J. Jr, 1998b.
Tide effects on wave attenuation and wave set-up on a Caribbean
coral reef. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47, 385–393.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., Wiseman, W. J., and Carter,
B. L., 1998c. Water level and currents of tidal and infragravity
periods at Tague Reef, St. Croix (USVI). Coral Reefs, 17,
343–349.
Lugo-Fernandez, A., Roberts, H. H., and Wiseman, W. J., 2004.
Currents, water levels, and mass transport over a modern Caribbean coral reef: Tague Reef, St. Croix, USVI. Continental Shelf
Research, 24, 1989–2009.
Marsh, J. A., Ross, R. M., and Zolan, W. J., 1981. Water circulation
on two Guam reef flats. In Proceedings of the 4th International
Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 355–360.
Monismith, S. G., 2007. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics, 39, 37–55.
Nelson, R. C., 1994. Depth limited design wave heights in very flat
regions. Coastal Engineering, 23, 43–59.
Parnell, K. E., 1988a. The hydrodynamics of fringing reef bays in
the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In Proceedings of the 6th
International Coral Reef Symposium, James Cook University,
Australia, pp. 503–508.
Parnell, K. E., 1988b. Physical process studies in the Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park. Progress in Physical Geography, 12,
209–237.
Peguignet, A. C. N., Becker, J. M., Merrifield, M. A., and Aucan, J.,
2009. Forcing of resonant modes on a fringing reef during
tropical storm Man-Yi. Geophysical Research Letters, 36,
L03607.
Presto, M. K., Ogston, A. S., Storlazzi, C. D., and Field, M. E.,
2006. Temporal and spatial variability in the flow and dispersal
of suspended-sediment on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 67, 67–81.
Roberts, H. H., 1981. Physical processes and sediment flux through
reef-lagoon systems. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference on
Coastal Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 946–962.
Roberts, H. H., and Suhayda, M., 1983. Wave current interactions
on a shallow reef (Nicaragua). Coral Reefs, 1, 209–260.
Roberts, H. H., Murray, S. P., and Suhayda, J. N., 1975. Physical
processes in a fringing reef system. Journal of Marine Research,
33, 233–260.
Storlazzi, C. D., Ogston, A. S., Bothner, M. H., Field, M. E., and
Presto, M. K., 2004. Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment
flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii.
Continental Shelf Research, 24, 1397–1419.
Symonds, G., Black, K. P., and Young, I. R., 1995. Wave-driven
flow over shallow reefs. Journal of Geophysical ResearchOceans, 100, 2639–2648.
Tamura, H., Nadaoka, K., and Paringit, E. C., 2007. Hydrodynamic
characteristics of a fringing coral reef on the east coast of
Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan. Coral Reefs, 26, 17–34.
Wolanski, E., 1986. Water circulation in a topographically complex
environment. In van de Kreeke, J. (ed.), Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 154–167.
Wolanski, E., 1993. Facts and numerical artifacts in modelling the
dispersal of crown-of-thorn starfish larvae in the Great Barrier
Reef. Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research,
44, 427–436.
Yamano, H., Kayanne, H., Yonekura, N., Nakamura, H., and Kudo,
K., 1998. Water circulation in a fringing reef located in
a monsoon area: Kabira Reef, Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan.
Coral Reefs, 17, 89–99.
Young, I., 1989. Wave transformation over coral reefs. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 94, 9779–9789.
Cross-references
Boat Channel
Fringing Reefs
Lagoon Circulation
Moats
Reef Flats
Reef Front Wave Energy
Residence Time
Wave Set-Up
Waves and Wave-Driven Currents
FRINGING REEFS
Scott Smithers
James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Definition
“Fringing reefs” are reefs that grow very close to the
shore on mainland or high island (continental shelf or
volcanic mid-ocean island) coasts. They are generally
shore-attached, although back-reef areas can be shallowly
submerged. Most fringing reefs are simple structures
geomorphologically which can be divided into three main
zones: forereef, reef crest, and backreef. They tend to be
relatively narrow reefs where the submarine slope is steep
and broader where it is gentle, and they usually consist
of a thin but seaward thickening veneer of reefal carbonate deposited over a rocky substrate. Fringing reefs are
the first in the subsidence-driven Darwinian reef sequence
(fringing reef – barrier reef – atoll; Darwin, 1842). They
are often relatively young reefs and tend to be best developed on stable or rising coasts.
430
FRINGING REEFS