Glynn, P. W., and Ault, J., 2000. A biogeographic analysis and
review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs,
19, 1–23.
Glynn, P. W., and Colgan, M. W., 1992. Sporadic disturbances in
fluctuating coral reef environments: El Niño and coral reef
development in the eastern Pacific. American Zoologist, 32,
707–718.
Glynn, P. W., and Colley, S. B., 2001. A collection of studies on the
effects of the 1997–98 El Niño Southern Oscillation event on
corals and coral reefs in the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 69, 1–288.
Glynn, P. W., and Macintyre, I. G., 1977. Growth rate and age of
coral reefs on the Pacific coast of Panama. In Proceedings of
the 3rd International Coral Reefs Symposium, Miami, Vol. 2,
pp. 251–259.
Glynn, P. W., and Wellington, G. M., 1983. Corals and Coral Reefs
of the Galápagos Islands. Berkeley, California: University of
California Press.
Glynn, P. W., Stewart, R. H., and McCosker, J. E., 1972. Pacific
coral reefs of Panama: structure, distribution and predators.
Geologischen Rundschau, 61, 483–519.
Glynn, P. W., Wellington, G. M., and Birkeland, C., 1979. Coral reef
growth in the Galápagos islands: limitation by sea urchins. Science, 203, 47–49.
Glynn, P. W., Prahl, H. von, and Guhl, F., 1982. Coral reefs of
Gorgona Island, Colombia, with special reference to corallivores
and their influence on community and reef development. Anales
del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betín, 12,
185–214.
Glynn, P. W., Druffel, E. M., and Dunbar, R. B., 1983. A dead Central American coral reef tract: possible link with the Little Ice
Age. Journal of Marine Research, 41, 605–637.
Glynn, P. W., Cortés, J., Guzman, H. M., and Richmond, R. H.,
1988. El Niño (1982–83) associated coral mortality and relationship to sea surface temperature deviations in the tropical eastern
Pacific. In Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, Vol. 3, pp. 237–243.
Glynn, P. W., Veron, J. E. N., and Wellington, G. M., 1996.
Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building and coral ecology and biogeography. Coral
Reefs, 15, 71–99.
Granja-Fernández, M. R., and López-Pérez, R. A., 2008.
Sedimentación en comunidades arrecifales de Bahías de
Huatulco, Oaxaca, México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56,
1179–1187.
Grigg, R. W., and Hey, R., 1992. Paleoceanography of the tropical
eastern Pacific Ocean. Science, 255, 172–178.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 1989. Coral reef community structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica. Pubblicazioni della
Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I: Marine Ecology, 10, 23–41.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J. 1993. Los arrecifes coralinos del
Pacífico Oriental Tropical: Revisión y perspectivas. Revista de
Biología Tropical, 41, 535–557.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 2001. Changes in reef community
structure after fifteen years of natural disturbances in the eastern
Pacific (Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 133–149.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 2007. Reef recovery 20-yr after
the 1982–83 El Niño massive mortality. Marine Biology, 151,
401–411.
Guzmán, H. M., Robertson, D. R., and Díaz, M. L., 1991.
Distribución y abundancia de corales en el arrecife de Isla
Iguana, Pacífico de Panamá. Revista de Biología Tropical, 39,
225–232.
Guzman, H. M., Guevara, C. A., and Breedy, O., 2004. Distribution,
diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities
in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba
Island). Environmental Conservation, 31, 111–121.
Guzman, H. M., Benfield, S., Breedy, O., and Mair, J. M. 2008.
Broadening reef protection across the Marine Conservation
Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: distribution and diversity of reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. Environmental
Conservation, 35, 46–54.
Helly, J. J., and Levin, L. A., 2004. Global distribution of naturally
occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea
Research I, 51, 1159–1168.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F.,
Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M.,
Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthinga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A.,
and Hatziolos, M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate
change and ocean acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R.,
Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J. B. C.,
Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.,
2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral
reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C., Steneck, R. S., and
Wilson, J. R., 2005. New paradigms for supporting resilience
of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20,
380–386.
Hughes, T. P., Rodrigues, M. J., Bellwood, D. R., Ceccarelli, D.,
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N.,
Pratchett, M. S., Steneck, R. S., and Willis, B., 2007. Phase
shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate
change. Current Biology, 17, 360–365.
Jiménez, C., 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía
Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos biológicos, económico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biología Tropical,
49(Suppl. 2), 215–231.
Jiménez, C. E., and Cortés, J., 2001. Effects of the 1991–92 El Niño
on scleractinian corals of the Costa Rican central Pacific coast.
Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Suppl. 2): 239–250.
Jiménez, C. E., and Cortés, J., 2003. Coral cover change associated
to El Niño, eastern Pacific, Costa Rica, 1992–2001.
Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: Marine Ecology, 24, 179–192.
Jiménez, C., Cortés, J., León, A., and Ruiz, E., 2001. Coral
bleaching and mortality associated with El Niño 1997/98 event
in an upwelling environment in the eastern Pacific (Gulf
of Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69,
151–169.
Kessler, W. S., 2006. The circulation of the eastern Pacific: a review.
Progress in Oceanography, 69, 181–217.
Kleypas, J. A., Feely, R. A., Fabry, V. J., Langdon, C., Sabine,
C. L., and Robbins, L. L., 2006. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers. A Guide
for Future Research. Report of a Workshop, NSF, NOAA,
USGS.
Lessios, H. A., Kessing, B. D., and Robertson, D. R., 1998. Massive
gene flow across the world’s most potent marine biogeographic
barrier. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biology,
265, 583–588.
Lizano, O. G., 2008. Dinámica de aguas alrededor de la Isla del
Coco, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Suppl. 2),
31–48.
Macintyre, I. G., Glynn, P. W., and Cortés, J., 1992. Holocene reef
history in the eastern Pacific: mainland Costa Rica, Caño Island,
Cocos Island, and Galápagos Islands. In Proceedings of the
7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, Vol. 2,
pp. 1174–1184.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M.,
Glynn, P. W., and Langdon, C., 2008. Poorly cemented coral
reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: possible insights into reef
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC CORAL REEFS
357
review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs,
19, 1–23.
Glynn, P. W., and Colgan, M. W., 1992. Sporadic disturbances in
fluctuating coral reef environments: El Niño and coral reef
development in the eastern Pacific. American Zoologist, 32,
707–718.
Glynn, P. W., and Colley, S. B., 2001. A collection of studies on the
effects of the 1997–98 El Niño Southern Oscillation event on
corals and coral reefs in the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 69, 1–288.
Glynn, P. W., and Macintyre, I. G., 1977. Growth rate and age of
coral reefs on the Pacific coast of Panama. In Proceedings of
the 3rd International Coral Reefs Symposium, Miami, Vol. 2,
pp. 251–259.
Glynn, P. W., and Wellington, G. M., 1983. Corals and Coral Reefs
of the Galápagos Islands. Berkeley, California: University of
California Press.
Glynn, P. W., Stewart, R. H., and McCosker, J. E., 1972. Pacific
coral reefs of Panama: structure, distribution and predators.
Geologischen Rundschau, 61, 483–519.
Glynn, P. W., Wellington, G. M., and Birkeland, C., 1979. Coral reef
growth in the Galápagos islands: limitation by sea urchins. Science, 203, 47–49.
Glynn, P. W., Prahl, H. von, and Guhl, F., 1982. Coral reefs of
Gorgona Island, Colombia, with special reference to corallivores
and their influence on community and reef development. Anales
del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betín, 12,
185–214.
Glynn, P. W., Druffel, E. M., and Dunbar, R. B., 1983. A dead Central American coral reef tract: possible link with the Little Ice
Age. Journal of Marine Research, 41, 605–637.
Glynn, P. W., Cortés, J., Guzman, H. M., and Richmond, R. H.,
1988. El Niño (1982–83) associated coral mortality and relationship to sea surface temperature deviations in the tropical eastern
Pacific. In Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, Vol. 3, pp. 237–243.
Glynn, P. W., Veron, J. E. N., and Wellington, G. M., 1996.
Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building and coral ecology and biogeography. Coral
Reefs, 15, 71–99.
Granja-Fernández, M. R., and López-Pérez, R. A., 2008.
Sedimentación en comunidades arrecifales de Bahías de
Huatulco, Oaxaca, México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56,
1179–1187.
Grigg, R. W., and Hey, R., 1992. Paleoceanography of the tropical
eastern Pacific Ocean. Science, 255, 172–178.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 1989. Coral reef community structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica. Pubblicazioni della
Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I: Marine Ecology, 10, 23–41.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J. 1993. Los arrecifes coralinos del
Pacífico Oriental Tropical: Revisión y perspectivas. Revista de
Biología Tropical, 41, 535–557.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 2001. Changes in reef community
structure after fifteen years of natural disturbances in the eastern
Pacific (Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 133–149.
Guzman, H. M., and Cortés, J., 2007. Reef recovery 20-yr after
the 1982–83 El Niño massive mortality. Marine Biology, 151,
401–411.
Guzmán, H. M., Robertson, D. R., and Díaz, M. L., 1991.
Distribución y abundancia de corales en el arrecife de Isla
Iguana, Pacífico de Panamá. Revista de Biología Tropical, 39,
225–232.
Guzman, H. M., Guevara, C. A., and Breedy, O., 2004. Distribution,
diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities
in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba
Island). Environmental Conservation, 31, 111–121.
Guzman, H. M., Benfield, S., Breedy, O., and Mair, J. M. 2008.
Broadening reef protection across the Marine Conservation
Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: distribution and diversity of reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. Environmental
Conservation, 35, 46–54.
Helly, J. J., and Levin, L. A., 2004. Global distribution of naturally
occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea
Research I, 51, 1159–1168.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F.,
Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M.,
Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthinga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A.,
and Hatziolos, M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate
change and ocean acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R.,
Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J. B. C.,
Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.,
2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral
reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C., Steneck, R. S., and
Wilson, J. R., 2005. New paradigms for supporting resilience
of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20,
380–386.
Hughes, T. P., Rodrigues, M. J., Bellwood, D. R., Ceccarelli, D.,
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N.,
Pratchett, M. S., Steneck, R. S., and Willis, B., 2007. Phase
shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate
change. Current Biology, 17, 360–365.
Jiménez, C., 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía
Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos biológicos, económico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biología Tropical,
49(Suppl. 2), 215–231.
Jiménez, C. E., and Cortés, J., 2001. Effects of the 1991–92 El Niño
on scleractinian corals of the Costa Rican central Pacific coast.
Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Suppl. 2): 239–250.
Jiménez, C. E., and Cortés, J., 2003. Coral cover change associated
to El Niño, eastern Pacific, Costa Rica, 1992–2001.
Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: Marine Ecology, 24, 179–192.
Jiménez, C., Cortés, J., León, A., and Ruiz, E., 2001. Coral
bleaching and mortality associated with El Niño 1997/98 event
in an upwelling environment in the eastern Pacific (Gulf
of Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69,
151–169.
Kessler, W. S., 2006. The circulation of the eastern Pacific: a review.
Progress in Oceanography, 69, 181–217.
Kleypas, J. A., Feely, R. A., Fabry, V. J., Langdon, C., Sabine,
C. L., and Robbins, L. L., 2006. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers. A Guide
for Future Research. Report of a Workshop, NSF, NOAA,
USGS.
Lessios, H. A., Kessing, B. D., and Robertson, D. R., 1998. Massive
gene flow across the world’s most potent marine biogeographic
barrier. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biology,
265, 583–588.
Lizano, O. G., 2008. Dinámica de aguas alrededor de la Isla del
Coco, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Suppl. 2),
31–48.
Macintyre, I. G., Glynn, P. W., and Cortés, J., 1992. Holocene reef
history in the eastern Pacific: mainland Costa Rica, Caño Island,
Cocos Island, and Galápagos Islands. In Proceedings of the
7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, Vol. 2,
pp. 1174–1184.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M.,
Glynn, P. W., and Langdon, C., 2008. Poorly cemented coral
reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: possible insights into reef
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC CORAL REEFS
357