Coates, A. G., Jackson, J. B. C., Collins, L. S., Cronin, T. M.,
Dowsett, H. J., Bybell, L. M., Jung, P., and Obando, J. A.,
1992. Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: the near-shore marine
records of Costa Rica and western Panama. Geological Society
of America Bulletin, 104, 14–28.
Colgan, M. W., 1990. El Niño and the history of eastern Pacific reef
building. In Glynn, P. W. (ed.), Global Ecological Consequences
of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Oceanography Series, pp. 183–232.
Cortés, J., 1986. Biogeografía de corales hermatípicos: el istmo
centroamericano. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mary
Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 13,
297–304.
Cortés, J., 1990. The coral reefs of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: distribution and community structure. Atoll Research Bulletin, 344,
1–37.
Cortés, J., 1993. Comparison between Caribbean and eastern
Pacific coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical, 41(Suppl. 1),
19–21.
Cortés, J., 1996/1997. Comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del Área
de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología
Tropical, 44(3)/45(1), 623–625.
Cortés, J., 1997. Biology and geology of coral reefs of the eastern
Pacific. Coral Reefs, 16(Suppl.), S39–S46.
Cortés, J., 2003. Coral reefs of the Americas: an introduction to
Latin American coral reefs. In Cortés, J. (ed.), Latin American
Coral Reefs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 1–7.
Cortés, J., and Jiménez, C. E., 2003. Corals and coral reefs of the
Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In Cortés, J.
(ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 361–385.
Cortés, J., and Murillo, M. M., 1985. Comunidades coralinas
y arrecifes del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 33, 197–202.
Cortés, J., and Risk, M. J., 1985. A reef under siltation
stress: Cahuita, Costa Rica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 36,
339–356.
Cortés, J., Macintyre, I. G., and Glynn, P. W., 1994. Holocene
growth history of an eastern Pacific fringing reef, Punta Islotes,
Costa Rica. Coral Reefs, 13, 65–73.
Crossland, C., 1927. Marine ecology and coral formations in the
Panama region, the Galapagos and Marquezas Islands, and
the Atoll of Napuka. The expedition to the south Pacific of the
S.Y. “St. George”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 531–554.
Dana, T. F., 1975. Development of contemporary eastern Pacific
coral reefs. Marine Biology, 33, 355–374.
Darwin, C. R., 1842. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs.
Re-issued in 1984, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona
Press.
D’Croz, L., and Robertson, D. R., 1997. Coastal oceanographic
conditions affecting coral reefs on both sides of the Isthmus of
Panama. In Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reefs
Symposium, Panamá, Vol. 2, pp. 2053–2058.
Denyer, P., and Cortés, J., 2001. Levantamiento tectónico de la costa
pacífica central de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49
(Suppl. 2), 179–183.
Durham, J. W., 1966. Coelenterates, especially stony corals, from
the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. In Bowman, R. I. (ed.), The
Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Galapagos
International Scientific Project. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 123–135.
Durham, J. W., and Barnard, J. L., 1952. Stony corals of the eastern
Pacific collected by the Velero III and Velero IV. Allan Hancock
Pacific Expeditions, 16, 1–110.
Eakin, C. M., 1996. Where have all the carbonates gone? A model
comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the
1982–1983 El Niño at Uva Island in the eastern Pacific. Coral
Reefs, 15, 109–119.
Eakin, C. M., and Glynn, P. W., 1996. Low tidal exposures and reef
mortalities in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs, 15, 120.
Enfield, D. B., 1989. El Niño, past and present. Review of Geophysics, 27, 159–187.
Fabricius, K. E., 2005. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of
corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 50, 125–146.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J.,
Fabry, V. J., and Millero, F. J., 2004. Impact of anthropogenic
CO 2 on the CaCO 3 system in the oceans. Science, 305, 362–366.
Feingold, J. S., 1995. Effects of Elevated Water Temperature
on Coral Bleaching and Survival During El Niño Disturbance
Events. Ph.D. dissertation, Miami, Florida, University of
Miami.
Feingold, J. S., 1996. Coral survivors of the 1982–83 El NiñoSouthern oscillation, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Coral Reefs,
15, 108.
Feingold, J. S., Crider, M., and Reyes-Bonilla, H., 2009. Coral
cover of Diaseris distorta and Porites sverdrupi at Isla Catalana,
Gulf of California, Mexico. Abstracts V Congreso Mexicano de
Arrecifes de Coral. Tuxpan, Veracruz, México, Junio 2009,
p. 11.
Fiedler, P. C., and Talley, L. D., 2006. Hydrography of the eastern
tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography, 69,
143–180.
Fonseca, A. C., 1999. Bioerosión y bioacreción en arrecifes
coralinos del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. M.Sc. thesis,
San Pedro, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Fonseca, A. C., Dean, H. K., and Cortés, J., 2006. Non-colonial
coral macroborers as indicators of coral reef stress in the
south Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54,
101–115.
Garrison, G., 2005. Peces de la Isla del Coco/Isla del Coco Fishes,
2nd edn. Heredia, Costa Rica: Editorial INBio.
Glantz, M., 2001. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Niño and La
Niña on Climate and Society, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Glynn, P. W., 1976. Some physical and biological determinants of
coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecological
Modelling, 46, 431–456.
Glynn, P. W., 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83
El Niño warming event. Environmental Conservation, 11,
133–146.
Glynn, P. W., 1988. El Niño warming, coral mortality and reef
framework destruction by echinoid bioerosion in the eastern
Pacific. Galaxea, 7, 129–160.
Glynn, P. W., 1990. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs
in the tropical eastern Pacific. In Glynn, P. W. (ed.), Global
Ecological Consequences of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern
Oscillation. The Netherlands: Elsevier Oceanographic Series,
pp. 55–126.
Glynn, P. W., 1997. Eastern Pacific reef coral biogeography and faunal flux: Durham’s dilemma revisited. In Proceedings of the
8th International Coral Reefs Symposium, Panamá, Vol. 1,
pp. 371–378.
Glynn, P. W., 2000. El Niño-Southern Oscillation mass mortalities
of reef corals: a model of high temperature marine extinctions?
In Insalco, E., Skelton, P. W., and Palmer, T. J. (eds.), Carbonate
Platform Systems: Components and Interactions. Geological
Society of London, Special Publications, 178, pp. 117–133.
Glynn, P. W., 2003. Coral communities and coral reefs of Ecuador.
In Cortés, J. (ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science, pp. 449–472.
Glynn, P. W., 2004. High complexity food webs in low diversity
eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems, 7, 358–367.
356
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC CORAL REEFS
Dowsett, H. J., Bybell, L. M., Jung, P., and Obando, J. A.,
1992. Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: the near-shore marine
records of Costa Rica and western Panama. Geological Society
of America Bulletin, 104, 14–28.
Colgan, M. W., 1990. El Niño and the history of eastern Pacific reef
building. In Glynn, P. W. (ed.), Global Ecological Consequences
of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Oceanography Series, pp. 183–232.
Cortés, J., 1986. Biogeografía de corales hermatípicos: el istmo
centroamericano. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mary
Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 13,
297–304.
Cortés, J., 1990. The coral reefs of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: distribution and community structure. Atoll Research Bulletin, 344,
1–37.
Cortés, J., 1993. Comparison between Caribbean and eastern
Pacific coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical, 41(Suppl. 1),
19–21.
Cortés, J., 1996/1997. Comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del Área
de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología
Tropical, 44(3)/45(1), 623–625.
Cortés, J., 1997. Biology and geology of coral reefs of the eastern
Pacific. Coral Reefs, 16(Suppl.), S39–S46.
Cortés, J., 2003. Coral reefs of the Americas: an introduction to
Latin American coral reefs. In Cortés, J. (ed.), Latin American
Coral Reefs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 1–7.
Cortés, J., and Jiménez, C. E., 2003. Corals and coral reefs of the
Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In Cortés, J.
(ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 361–385.
Cortés, J., and Murillo, M. M., 1985. Comunidades coralinas
y arrecifes del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 33, 197–202.
Cortés, J., and Risk, M. J., 1985. A reef under siltation
stress: Cahuita, Costa Rica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 36,
339–356.
Cortés, J., Macintyre, I. G., and Glynn, P. W., 1994. Holocene
growth history of an eastern Pacific fringing reef, Punta Islotes,
Costa Rica. Coral Reefs, 13, 65–73.
Crossland, C., 1927. Marine ecology and coral formations in the
Panama region, the Galapagos and Marquezas Islands, and
the Atoll of Napuka. The expedition to the south Pacific of the
S.Y. “St. George”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 531–554.
Dana, T. F., 1975. Development of contemporary eastern Pacific
coral reefs. Marine Biology, 33, 355–374.
Darwin, C. R., 1842. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs.
Re-issued in 1984, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona
Press.
D’Croz, L., and Robertson, D. R., 1997. Coastal oceanographic
conditions affecting coral reefs on both sides of the Isthmus of
Panama. In Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reefs
Symposium, Panamá, Vol. 2, pp. 2053–2058.
Denyer, P., and Cortés, J., 2001. Levantamiento tectónico de la costa
pacífica central de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49
(Suppl. 2), 179–183.
Durham, J. W., 1966. Coelenterates, especially stony corals, from
the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. In Bowman, R. I. (ed.), The
Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposium of the Galapagos
International Scientific Project. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 123–135.
Durham, J. W., and Barnard, J. L., 1952. Stony corals of the eastern
Pacific collected by the Velero III and Velero IV. Allan Hancock
Pacific Expeditions, 16, 1–110.
Eakin, C. M., 1996. Where have all the carbonates gone? A model
comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the
1982–1983 El Niño at Uva Island in the eastern Pacific. Coral
Reefs, 15, 109–119.
Eakin, C. M., and Glynn, P. W., 1996. Low tidal exposures and reef
mortalities in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs, 15, 120.
Enfield, D. B., 1989. El Niño, past and present. Review of Geophysics, 27, 159–187.
Fabricius, K. E., 2005. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of
corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 50, 125–146.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J.,
Fabry, V. J., and Millero, F. J., 2004. Impact of anthropogenic
CO 2 on the CaCO 3 system in the oceans. Science, 305, 362–366.
Feingold, J. S., 1995. Effects of Elevated Water Temperature
on Coral Bleaching and Survival During El Niño Disturbance
Events. Ph.D. dissertation, Miami, Florida, University of
Miami.
Feingold, J. S., 1996. Coral survivors of the 1982–83 El NiñoSouthern oscillation, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Coral Reefs,
15, 108.
Feingold, J. S., Crider, M., and Reyes-Bonilla, H., 2009. Coral
cover of Diaseris distorta and Porites sverdrupi at Isla Catalana,
Gulf of California, Mexico. Abstracts V Congreso Mexicano de
Arrecifes de Coral. Tuxpan, Veracruz, México, Junio 2009,
p. 11.
Fiedler, P. C., and Talley, L. D., 2006. Hydrography of the eastern
tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography, 69,
143–180.
Fonseca, A. C., 1999. Bioerosión y bioacreción en arrecifes
coralinos del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. M.Sc. thesis,
San Pedro, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Fonseca, A. C., Dean, H. K., and Cortés, J., 2006. Non-colonial
coral macroborers as indicators of coral reef stress in the
south Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54,
101–115.
Garrison, G., 2005. Peces de la Isla del Coco/Isla del Coco Fishes,
2nd edn. Heredia, Costa Rica: Editorial INBio.
Glantz, M., 2001. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Niño and La
Niña on Climate and Society, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Glynn, P. W., 1976. Some physical and biological determinants of
coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecological
Modelling, 46, 431–456.
Glynn, P. W., 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83
El Niño warming event. Environmental Conservation, 11,
133–146.
Glynn, P. W., 1988. El Niño warming, coral mortality and reef
framework destruction by echinoid bioerosion in the eastern
Pacific. Galaxea, 7, 129–160.
Glynn, P. W., 1990. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs
in the tropical eastern Pacific. In Glynn, P. W. (ed.), Global
Ecological Consequences of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern
Oscillation. The Netherlands: Elsevier Oceanographic Series,
pp. 55–126.
Glynn, P. W., 1997. Eastern Pacific reef coral biogeography and faunal flux: Durham’s dilemma revisited. In Proceedings of the
8th International Coral Reefs Symposium, Panamá, Vol. 1,
pp. 371–378.
Glynn, P. W., 2000. El Niño-Southern Oscillation mass mortalities
of reef corals: a model of high temperature marine extinctions?
In Insalco, E., Skelton, P. W., and Palmer, T. J. (eds.), Carbonate
Platform Systems: Components and Interactions. Geological
Society of London, Special Publications, 178, pp. 117–133.
Glynn, P. W., 2003. Coral communities and coral reefs of Ecuador.
In Cortés, J. (ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science, pp. 449–472.
Glynn, P. W., 2004. High complexity food webs in low diversity
eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems, 7, 358–367.
356
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC CORAL REEFS