climate change adaptation and (5) to improve the conservation status of sharks, sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals, corals, seagrass, mangroves, and other identified
threatened species (Anonymous, 2009). Government
sponsorship of the CTI is supplemented by commitments
from major non-government organizations such as
WWF, the Nature Conservancy and Conservation International, as well as governments of neighboring and other
countries.
Summary
Biodiversity and endemism of the world’s living coral
reefs are greatest within the waters and islands between
the Asian and Australian continental shelves. The origins
of this situation relate to the complex tectonic history of
the region, and the hydrological systems associated with
it, both now and in the past, as well as to the great extent
and variety of coral reef habitats present. This knowledge,
along with insights from molecular genetics and
improved data about the biodiversity, paleontology, and
phylogeography of many animal and plant groups, is contributing to a better documentation of marine faunal and
floral patterns of the region. However, much remains to
be understood, and many new species await description.
An initiative to provide broad conservation management
for coral reefs within the territories of six countries aims
to provide protection for all species in the region by
a series of measures.
Bibliography
Anonymous, 2009. Regional plan of action, Coral Triangle Initiative on coral reefs, fisheries and food security (CTI-CFF)
released 15 May 2009.
Allen, G. R., 2002. Indo-Pacific coral fishes as indicators of conservation hotspots. In Proceedings of the 9th International Coral
Reef Symposium, Bali 2000, Vol. 2, pp. 921–926.
Audley-Charles, M. G., 1987. Dispersal of Gondwanaland: relevance to evolution of the Angiosperms. In Whitmore, T. C.
(ed.), Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Archipelago.
Clarendon: Oxford, pp 5–25.
Barber, P. H., Palumbi, S. R., Erdmann, M. V., Moosa, M. K., 2000.
A marine Wallace’s line? Nature, 406, 692–693.
Bellwood, D. R., and Wainright, P. C., 2002. The history and biogeography of fishes on coral reefs. In Sale, P. F. (ed.), Coral Reef
Fishes, Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem.
New York: Academic, pp. 5–32.
Briggs, J. C., 1987. Antitropical distribution and evolution in the
Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Systematic Zoology, 36, 237–247.
Briggs, J. C., 1992. The marine East Indies: centre of origin? Global
Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 2, 149–156.
Cairns, S. D., 2007. Deep-water corals: an overview with special
reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water
scleractinian corals. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 311–322.
Findley, J. S., and Findley, M. T., 2001. Global, regional, and local
patterns in species richness and abundance of butterflyfishes.
Ecological Monographs, 71, 69–91.
Gordon, A. L., and Fine, R. A., 1996. Pathways of water between
the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Nature, 379, 146–149.
Hall, R., 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In Hall, R., and Holloway, J. D. (eds.),
Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Leiden:
Backhuys, pp. 99–124.
Hall, R., and Blundell, D. J., 1996. Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
Asia. London: The Geological Society.
Hall, R., and Holloway, J. D., (eds.), 1998. Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Leiden: Backhuys.
Hoeksema, B. W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan centre of
maximum marine biodiversity: the coral triangle. In Renema, W.
(ed.), Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers
and Islands. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 117–178.
Kirkendale, L. A., and Meyer, C. P., 2002. Phylogeography of the
Patelloida profunda group (Gastropoda: Lottidae): diversification in a dispersal-driven marine system. Molecular Ecology,
13, 2749–2762.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2001. The
future of coral reefs in an age of global change. Earth Science
(Geol. Rundsch.), 90, 426–437.
Lough, J., 2000. Unprecedented thermal stress to coral reefs? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3901–3904.
Metcalf, I., 2001. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution and
biogeography of SE Asia-Australia. In Metcalf, I., Smith,
J. M. B., Morwood, M., and Davidson, I. (eds.), Faunal and
Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australia. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 15–34.
Meyer, C., 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda:
Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 401–459.
Michaux, B., 1991. Distributional patterns and tectonic development in Indonesia: Wallace reinterpreted. In Ladiges,
P. Y., Humnphries, C. J., and Martinelli, I. W., (eds.), Austral
Biogeograph. Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 25–36.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1992. Successive isolation rather than evolutionary
centres for the origination of Indo-Pacific reef corals. Journal of
Biogeography, 19, 593–609.
Paulay, G., 1997. Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In
Birkeland, C. (ed.), Life and Death of Coral Reefs. New York:
Chapman and Hall, pp. 298–353.
Perrin, C., 2002. Tertiary: the emergence of modern coral reef ecosystems. In Kiessling, W., Flugel, E., and Golonka, J. (eds.),
Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. Society for Sedimentary Geology.
pp. 587–621, 775 pp.
Renema, W., Bellwood, D. R., Braga, C., et al., 2008. Hopping
hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity. Science, 321,
654–657.
Shriver, J. F., and Hurlburt, H. E., 1997. The contribution of the
global thermohaline circulation to the Pacific to Indian Ocean
throughflow via Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 5491–5511.
Stehli, F. G., and Wells, J. W., 1971. Diversity & age patterns in hermatypic corals. Systematic Zoology, 20, 115–126.
Veron, J. E. N., 1995. Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography
and Evolution of the Scleractinia. Sydney: UNSW.
Wallace, A. R., 1869. The Malay Archipelago. London: McMillan,
Reprinted 1989 Oxford University Press, Singapore.
Wallace, C. C., 2001. Wallace’s line and marine organisms: the distribution of staghorn corals (Acropora) in Indonesia. In Metcalf,
I., Smith, J. M. B., Morwood, M., and Davidson, I. (eds.), Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia.
Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 168–178.
Wallace, C. C., 2002. Journey to the heart of the centre – origins of
high marine faunal diversity in the central Indo-Pacific from the
perspective of an Acropologist. In Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 33–39.
Wallace, C. C., Paulay, G., Hoeksema, B. W., Bellwood, D. R.,
Hutchings, P. A., Barber, P. H., Erdmann, M., and Wolstenholme,
J., 2002. Nature and origins of unique high diversity reef faunas in
the Bay of Tomini, Central Sulawesi: the ultimate “center of
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
337
threatened species (Anonymous, 2009). Government
sponsorship of the CTI is supplemented by commitments
from major non-government organizations such as
WWF, the Nature Conservancy and Conservation International, as well as governments of neighboring and other
countries.
Summary
Biodiversity and endemism of the world’s living coral
reefs are greatest within the waters and islands between
the Asian and Australian continental shelves. The origins
of this situation relate to the complex tectonic history of
the region, and the hydrological systems associated with
it, both now and in the past, as well as to the great extent
and variety of coral reef habitats present. This knowledge,
along with insights from molecular genetics and
improved data about the biodiversity, paleontology, and
phylogeography of many animal and plant groups, is contributing to a better documentation of marine faunal and
floral patterns of the region. However, much remains to
be understood, and many new species await description.
An initiative to provide broad conservation management
for coral reefs within the territories of six countries aims
to provide protection for all species in the region by
a series of measures.
Bibliography
Anonymous, 2009. Regional plan of action, Coral Triangle Initiative on coral reefs, fisheries and food security (CTI-CFF)
released 15 May 2009.
Allen, G. R., 2002. Indo-Pacific coral fishes as indicators of conservation hotspots. In Proceedings of the 9th International Coral
Reef Symposium, Bali 2000, Vol. 2, pp. 921–926.
Audley-Charles, M. G., 1987. Dispersal of Gondwanaland: relevance to evolution of the Angiosperms. In Whitmore, T. C.
(ed.), Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Archipelago.
Clarendon: Oxford, pp 5–25.
Barber, P. H., Palumbi, S. R., Erdmann, M. V., Moosa, M. K., 2000.
A marine Wallace’s line? Nature, 406, 692–693.
Bellwood, D. R., and Wainright, P. C., 2002. The history and biogeography of fishes on coral reefs. In Sale, P. F. (ed.), Coral Reef
Fishes, Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem.
New York: Academic, pp. 5–32.
Briggs, J. C., 1987. Antitropical distribution and evolution in the
Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Systematic Zoology, 36, 237–247.
Briggs, J. C., 1992. The marine East Indies: centre of origin? Global
Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 2, 149–156.
Cairns, S. D., 2007. Deep-water corals: an overview with special
reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water
scleractinian corals. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 311–322.
Findley, J. S., and Findley, M. T., 2001. Global, regional, and local
patterns in species richness and abundance of butterflyfishes.
Ecological Monographs, 71, 69–91.
Gordon, A. L., and Fine, R. A., 1996. Pathways of water between
the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Nature, 379, 146–149.
Hall, R., 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In Hall, R., and Holloway, J. D. (eds.),
Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Leiden:
Backhuys, pp. 99–124.
Hall, R., and Blundell, D. J., 1996. Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
Asia. London: The Geological Society.
Hall, R., and Holloway, J. D., (eds.), 1998. Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Leiden: Backhuys.
Hoeksema, B. W., 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan centre of
maximum marine biodiversity: the coral triangle. In Renema, W.
(ed.), Biogeography, Time and Place: Distributions, Barriers
and Islands. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 117–178.
Kirkendale, L. A., and Meyer, C. P., 2002. Phylogeography of the
Patelloida profunda group (Gastropoda: Lottidae): diversification in a dispersal-driven marine system. Molecular Ecology,
13, 2749–2762.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2001. The
future of coral reefs in an age of global change. Earth Science
(Geol. Rundsch.), 90, 426–437.
Lough, J., 2000. Unprecedented thermal stress to coral reefs? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3901–3904.
Metcalf, I., 2001. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution and
biogeography of SE Asia-Australia. In Metcalf, I., Smith,
J. M. B., Morwood, M., and Davidson, I. (eds.), Faunal and
Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australia. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 15–34.
Meyer, C., 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda:
Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 401–459.
Michaux, B., 1991. Distributional patterns and tectonic development in Indonesia: Wallace reinterpreted. In Ladiges,
P. Y., Humnphries, C. J., and Martinelli, I. W., (eds.), Austral
Biogeograph. Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 25–36.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1992. Successive isolation rather than evolutionary
centres for the origination of Indo-Pacific reef corals. Journal of
Biogeography, 19, 593–609.
Paulay, G., 1997. Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In
Birkeland, C. (ed.), Life and Death of Coral Reefs. New York:
Chapman and Hall, pp. 298–353.
Perrin, C., 2002. Tertiary: the emergence of modern coral reef ecosystems. In Kiessling, W., Flugel, E., and Golonka, J. (eds.),
Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. Society for Sedimentary Geology.
pp. 587–621, 775 pp.
Renema, W., Bellwood, D. R., Braga, C., et al., 2008. Hopping
hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity. Science, 321,
654–657.
Shriver, J. F., and Hurlburt, H. E., 1997. The contribution of the
global thermohaline circulation to the Pacific to Indian Ocean
throughflow via Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 5491–5511.
Stehli, F. G., and Wells, J. W., 1971. Diversity & age patterns in hermatypic corals. Systematic Zoology, 20, 115–126.
Veron, J. E. N., 1995. Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography
and Evolution of the Scleractinia. Sydney: UNSW.
Wallace, A. R., 1869. The Malay Archipelago. London: McMillan,
Reprinted 1989 Oxford University Press, Singapore.
Wallace, C. C., 2001. Wallace’s line and marine organisms: the distribution of staghorn corals (Acropora) in Indonesia. In Metcalf,
I., Smith, J. M. B., Morwood, M., and Davidson, I. (eds.), Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia.
Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 168–178.
Wallace, C. C., 2002. Journey to the heart of the centre – origins of
high marine faunal diversity in the central Indo-Pacific from the
perspective of an Acropologist. In Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 33–39.
Wallace, C. C., Paulay, G., Hoeksema, B. W., Bellwood, D. R.,
Hutchings, P. A., Barber, P. H., Erdmann, M., and Wolstenholme,
J., 2002. Nature and origins of unique high diversity reef faunas in
the Bay of Tomini, Central Sulawesi: the ultimate “center of
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
337