S. N., 2006. Source parameters of the great Sumatran megathrust
earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral microatolls,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, 37, doi:10.1029/
2005JB004025.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi, B. W., Cheng,
H., Edwards, R. L., and Chlieh, M., 2007. Interseismic deformation above the Sunda megathrust recorded in coral microatolls of
the Mentawai islands, West Sumatra. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 112, 27, doi:10.1029/2006JB004450.
Newhall, C. G., and Dzurisin, D., 1988. Historical unrest at large
calderas of the world. Volume 1. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1855, 598 pp.
Newhall, C. G., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L., 1998. New Estimates of uplift rates of Iwo-Jima, Japan, EOS Transactions,
American Geophysical Union Abstract V11C-10.
Pandolfi, J. M., Best, M. R., and Murray, S. P., 1994. Coseismic
event of May 15, 1992, Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea:
Comparison with Quaternary tectonic history. Geology, 22,
239–242.
Pelletier, B., Regnier, M., Calmant, S., Pillet, R., Cabioch, G.,
Lagabrielle, Y., Bore, J.-M., Caminade, J. P., Lebellegard, P.,
Cristopher, I., and Temakon, S., 2000. Le séisme d’AmbrymPentecôte (Vanuatu) du 26 novembre 1999 (Mw: 7,5): données
préliminaries sur la séismicité, le tsunami et les déplacements
associés. Comptes Rendu Academy of Sciences, Paris, Sciences
de la Terre et des planètes, 331, 21–28.
Plafker, G., 1965. Tectonic deformation associated with the 1964
Alaska earthquake. Science, 148, 1675–1687.
Plafker, G., and Savage, J. C., 1970. Mechanism of the Chilean
earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 81, 1001–1030, doi:10.1130/0016–7606
(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2.
Plafker, G., and Ward, S. N., 1992. Backarc thrust faulting and tectonic uplift along the Caribbean Sea coast during the April 22,
1991 Costa Rica Earthquake. Tectonics, 11, 709–718.
Rajendran, C. P., Rajendran, K., Anu, R., Earnest, A., Machado, T.,
Mohan, P. M., and Freymueller, J., 2007. Crustal Deformation
and Seismic History Associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake: A Perspective from the Andaman-Nicobar Islands.
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97: S174–
S191, doi: 10.1785/0120050630.
Regnier, M., Calmant, S., Pelletier, B., Lagabrielle, Y., and Cabioch,
G., 2003. The M w 7.5 1999 Ambrym earthquake, Vanuatu:
A back arc intraplate thrust event. Tectonics, 22, 1034,
doi:10.1029/2002TC001422.
Savage, J. C., 1983. A dislocation model of strain accumulation and
release at a subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research,
88, 4984–4996.
Shen, C. -C., Li, K. -S., Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D., Cheng, H., Wang,
X., Edwards, R. L., Lam, D. D., Hsieh, Y.-T., Fan, T.-Y.,
Melzner, A., Taylor, F. W., Quinn, T. M., Chaiang, H.-W.,
Kilbourne, K. H., 2008. Variation of initial
230 Th/
232 Th
and limits of high precision U-Th dating of shallow-water corals.
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 4201–4223.
Sieh, K., Ward, S., Natawidjaja, D., and Suwargadi, B., 1999.
Crustal deformation at the Sumatran subduction zone revealed
by coral rings. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 3141–3144.
Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., Meltzner, A. J., Shen, C.-C., Cheng,
H., Li, K.-S., Suwargadi, B., Galetzka, J., Philibosian, B.,
Edwards, R. L., 2008. Earthquake supercycles inferred from
sea-level changes recorded in the corals of west sumatra. Science, 322, DOI: 10.1126/science.1163589.
Subarya, C., Chlieh, M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Avouac, J.-P., Bock, Y.,
Sieh, K., Meltzner, A. J., Natawidjaja, D. H., and McCaffrey, R.,
2006. Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great
Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Nature, 440, doi:10.1038/
nature04522.
Taylor, F. W., Isacks, B. L., Jouannic, C., Bloom, A. L., and Dubois,
J., 1980. Coseismic and Quaternary vertical movements, Santo
and Malekula Islands, New Hebrides island arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 5367–5381.
Taylor, F. W., Jouannic, C., Gilpin, L., and Bloom, A. L., 1981.
Coral colonies as monitors of changes in relative level of the
land and sea: Application to vertical tectonism. Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, The Phillipines, v. 2,
485–492.
Taylor, F. W., Frohlich, C., Lecolle, J., and Strecker, M., 1987. Analysis of partially emerged corals and reef terraces in the central
Vanuatu arc: comparison of contemporary coseismic and
nonseismic with Quaternary vertical movements. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 92, 4905–4933.
Taylor, F. W., Edwards, R. L., Wasserburg, G. J., and Frohlich, C.,
1990. Seismic recurrence intervals and timing of aseismic subduction inferred from emerged corals and reefs of the central
New Hebrides (Vanuatu) Island Arc. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 95, 393–408.
Taylor, F. W., Briggs, R. W., Frohlich, C., Brown, A., Hornbach, M.,
Papabatu, A. K., Meltzner, A., and Billy, D., 2008. The 1 April
2007 Solomons earthquake: Rupture across a ridge-transform.
Nature Geoscience, 1, 253–257.
Tobita, M., Suitao, H., Imakiire, T., Kato, M., Fujiwara, S., and
Murakami, M., 2006. Outline of vertical displacement of the
2004 and 2005 Sumatra earthquakes revealed by satellite radar
imagery. Earth Planets and Space, 58, e1–e4.
Ukawa, M., Fujita, E., Kumagai, T., and Ohkura, H., 1998.
Crustal deformation and seismicity at Iwo-Jima caldera, Japan.
Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union Abstract
V11C-09.
Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F. W., Edwards, R. L., and
Hantoro, W. S., 1999. Submergence and uplift associated with
the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence
from coral microatolls. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104,
895–919.
Zachariasen, J., Taylor, F. W., Sieh, K., and Hantoro, W. S., 2000.
Modern vertical deformation above the Sumatran subduction
zone: Paleogeodetic insights from coral microatolls. Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 90, 897–913.
Cross-references
Emerged Reefs
Huon Peninsula, P.N.G.
Indonesian Reefs
Microatoll
Radiocarbon (
14 C): Dating and Corals
Sclerochronology
Sea-level Indicators
Submerged Reefs
Uranium Series Dating
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
Carden C. Wallace
Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Australia
Synonyms
Centre of diversity; Coral triangle; Indo-Australian Arc;
Indo-Malayan centre of maximum diversity; OostIndischen Archipel (Dutch); The Malay Archipelago
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
333
earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral microatolls,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, 37, doi:10.1029/
2005JB004025.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi, B. W., Cheng,
H., Edwards, R. L., and Chlieh, M., 2007. Interseismic deformation above the Sunda megathrust recorded in coral microatolls of
the Mentawai islands, West Sumatra. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 112, 27, doi:10.1029/2006JB004450.
Newhall, C. G., and Dzurisin, D., 1988. Historical unrest at large
calderas of the world. Volume 1. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1855, 598 pp.
Newhall, C. G., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L., 1998. New Estimates of uplift rates of Iwo-Jima, Japan, EOS Transactions,
American Geophysical Union Abstract V11C-10.
Pandolfi, J. M., Best, M. R., and Murray, S. P., 1994. Coseismic
event of May 15, 1992, Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea:
Comparison with Quaternary tectonic history. Geology, 22,
239–242.
Pelletier, B., Regnier, M., Calmant, S., Pillet, R., Cabioch, G.,
Lagabrielle, Y., Bore, J.-M., Caminade, J. P., Lebellegard, P.,
Cristopher, I., and Temakon, S., 2000. Le séisme d’AmbrymPentecôte (Vanuatu) du 26 novembre 1999 (Mw: 7,5): données
préliminaries sur la séismicité, le tsunami et les déplacements
associés. Comptes Rendu Academy of Sciences, Paris, Sciences
de la Terre et des planètes, 331, 21–28.
Plafker, G., 1965. Tectonic deformation associated with the 1964
Alaska earthquake. Science, 148, 1675–1687.
Plafker, G., and Savage, J. C., 1970. Mechanism of the Chilean
earthquakes of May 21 and 22, 1960. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 81, 1001–1030, doi:10.1130/0016–7606
(1970)81[1001:MOTCEO]2.0.CO;2.
Plafker, G., and Ward, S. N., 1992. Backarc thrust faulting and tectonic uplift along the Caribbean Sea coast during the April 22,
1991 Costa Rica Earthquake. Tectonics, 11, 709–718.
Rajendran, C. P., Rajendran, K., Anu, R., Earnest, A., Machado, T.,
Mohan, P. M., and Freymueller, J., 2007. Crustal Deformation
and Seismic History Associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake: A Perspective from the Andaman-Nicobar Islands.
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97: S174–
S191, doi: 10.1785/0120050630.
Regnier, M., Calmant, S., Pelletier, B., Lagabrielle, Y., and Cabioch,
G., 2003. The M w 7.5 1999 Ambrym earthquake, Vanuatu:
A back arc intraplate thrust event. Tectonics, 22, 1034,
doi:10.1029/2002TC001422.
Savage, J. C., 1983. A dislocation model of strain accumulation and
release at a subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research,
88, 4984–4996.
Shen, C. -C., Li, K. -S., Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D., Cheng, H., Wang,
X., Edwards, R. L., Lam, D. D., Hsieh, Y.-T., Fan, T.-Y.,
Melzner, A., Taylor, F. W., Quinn, T. M., Chaiang, H.-W.,
Kilbourne, K. H., 2008. Variation of initial
230 Th/
232 Th
and limits of high precision U-Th dating of shallow-water corals.
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 4201–4223.
Sieh, K., Ward, S., Natawidjaja, D., and Suwargadi, B., 1999.
Crustal deformation at the Sumatran subduction zone revealed
by coral rings. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 3141–3144.
Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., Meltzner, A. J., Shen, C.-C., Cheng,
H., Li, K.-S., Suwargadi, B., Galetzka, J., Philibosian, B.,
Edwards, R. L., 2008. Earthquake supercycles inferred from
sea-level changes recorded in the corals of west sumatra. Science, 322, DOI: 10.1126/science.1163589.
Subarya, C., Chlieh, M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Avouac, J.-P., Bock, Y.,
Sieh, K., Meltzner, A. J., Natawidjaja, D. H., and McCaffrey, R.,
2006. Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great
Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Nature, 440, doi:10.1038/
nature04522.
Taylor, F. W., Isacks, B. L., Jouannic, C., Bloom, A. L., and Dubois,
J., 1980. Coseismic and Quaternary vertical movements, Santo
and Malekula Islands, New Hebrides island arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 5367–5381.
Taylor, F. W., Jouannic, C., Gilpin, L., and Bloom, A. L., 1981.
Coral colonies as monitors of changes in relative level of the
land and sea: Application to vertical tectonism. Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, The Phillipines, v. 2,
485–492.
Taylor, F. W., Frohlich, C., Lecolle, J., and Strecker, M., 1987. Analysis of partially emerged corals and reef terraces in the central
Vanuatu arc: comparison of contemporary coseismic and
nonseismic with Quaternary vertical movements. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 92, 4905–4933.
Taylor, F. W., Edwards, R. L., Wasserburg, G. J., and Frohlich, C.,
1990. Seismic recurrence intervals and timing of aseismic subduction inferred from emerged corals and reefs of the central
New Hebrides (Vanuatu) Island Arc. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 95, 393–408.
Taylor, F. W., Briggs, R. W., Frohlich, C., Brown, A., Hornbach, M.,
Papabatu, A. K., Meltzner, A., and Billy, D., 2008. The 1 April
2007 Solomons earthquake: Rupture across a ridge-transform.
Nature Geoscience, 1, 253–257.
Tobita, M., Suitao, H., Imakiire, T., Kato, M., Fujiwara, S., and
Murakami, M., 2006. Outline of vertical displacement of the
2004 and 2005 Sumatra earthquakes revealed by satellite radar
imagery. Earth Planets and Space, 58, e1–e4.
Ukawa, M., Fujita, E., Kumagai, T., and Ohkura, H., 1998.
Crustal deformation and seismicity at Iwo-Jima caldera, Japan.
Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union Abstract
V11C-09.
Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F. W., Edwards, R. L., and
Hantoro, W. S., 1999. Submergence and uplift associated with
the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence
from coral microatolls. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104,
895–919.
Zachariasen, J., Taylor, F. W., Sieh, K., and Hantoro, W. S., 2000.
Modern vertical deformation above the Sumatran subduction
zone: Paleogeodetic insights from coral microatolls. Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 90, 897–913.
Cross-references
Emerged Reefs
Huon Peninsula, P.N.G.
Indonesian Reefs
Microatoll
Radiocarbon (
14 C): Dating and Corals
Sclerochronology
Sea-level Indicators
Submerged Reefs
Uranium Series Dating
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
Carden C. Wallace
Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, Australia
Synonyms
Centre of diversity; Coral triangle; Indo-Australian Arc;
Indo-Malayan centre of maximum diversity; OostIndischen Archipel (Dutch); The Malay Archipelago
EAST INDIES TRIANGLE OF BIODIVERSITY
333