Langdon, C., and Atkinson, M. J., 2005. Effect of elevated rCO 2 on
photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions
with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient
enrichment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09S07,
doi:10.1029/2004JC002576.
Littler, M., and Littler, D. S., 1984. Models of tropical reef biogenesis: the contribution of algae. Progress in Phycological
Research, 3, 323–364.
Lough, J. M., 2000. 1997–98: Unprecedented thermal stress to coral
reefs? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3901–3904.
Lough, J. M., 2008. A changing climate for coral reefs. Journal of
Environmental Monitoring, 10, 21–29.
Manzello, D. P., Brandt, M., Smith, T. B., Lirman, D., Hendee, J. C.,
and Nemeth, R. S., 2007. Hurricanes benefit bleached corals.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 104, 12035–12039.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M., Glynn,
P. W., and Langdon, C., 2008. Poorly cemented coral reefs of the
eastern tropical Pacific: possible insights into reef development
in a high-CO 2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 10450–10455.
Marshall, P. A., and Baird, A. H., 2000. Bleaching of corals on the
Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa.
Coral Reefs, 19, 155–163.
Massel, S. R., and Done, T. J., 1993. Effects of cyclone waves
on massive coral assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef: meteorology, hydrodynamics and demography. Coral Reefs, 12,
153–166.
Maynard, J. A., Anthony, K. R. N., Marshall, P. A., and Masiri, I.,
2008. Major bleaching events can lead to increased thermal tolerance in corals. Marine Biology, 155, 172–182.
Maynard, J. A., Johnson, J. E., Marshall, P. A., Eakin, C. M., Goby,
G., Schuttenberg, H., and Spillman, C. M., 2009. A strategic
framework for responding to coral bleaching events in a
changing climate. Environmental Management, 44, 1–11,
doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9295-7.
McClanahan, T. R., Ateweberhan, M., Graham, N. A. J., Wilson,
S. K., Ruiz Sebastian, C., Guillaume, M. M. M., and
Bruggemann, J. H., 2007a. Western Indian Ocean coral communities: bleaching responses and susceptibility of extinction.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 337, 1–13.
McClanahan, T. R., Ateweberhan, M., Muhando, C. A., Maina, J.,
and Mohammed, M. S., 2007b. Effects of climate and seawater
temperature variation on coral bleaching and mortality. Ecological Monographs, 77, 503–525.
McClanahan, T. R., Baird, A. H., Marshall, P. A., and Toscano, M. A.,
2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals
between southern Kenya and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 327–335.
McClanahan, T. R., Maina, J., Moothien-Pillay, R., and Baker, A. C.,
2005. Effects of geography, taxa, water flow, and temperature variation on coral bleaching intensity in Mauritius. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 298, 131–142.
McClanahan, T. R., Weil, E., Cortes, J., Baird, A. H., and
Ateweberhan, M., 2009. Consequences of coral bleaching for
sessile reef organisms. In van Oppen, M. J. H., and Lough, J. M.
(eds.), Coral Bleaching. Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Berlin: Springer, pp. 121–138.
McGranaham, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B., 2007. The rising
tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements
in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization,
19, 17–37.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999. Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El
Niño. Science, 283, 950–954.
McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., and Glantz, M. H., 2006. ENSO
as an integrating concept in earth science. Science, 314,
1740–1745.
McWilliams, J. P., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A., Sutherland, W. J., and
Watkinson, A. R., 2005. Accelerating impacts of temperatureinduced bleaching in the Caribbean. Ecology, 86, 2055–2060.
Meier, M. F., Dyurgerov, M. B., Rick, U. K., O’Neel, S., Pfeffer,
W. T., Anderson, R. S., Anderson, S. P., and Glazovsky, A. F.,
2007. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science, 317, 1064–1067.
Mora, C., Andrefouet, S., Costello, M. J., Kranenburg, C., Rollo,
A., Veron, J., Gaston, K. J., and Myers, R. A., 2006. Coral reefs
and the global network of marine protected areas. Science, 312,
1750–1751.
Mora, C., and Ginsburg, R., 2008. A clear human footprint on
the Caribbean coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B, 275, 767–773.
Mumby, P. J., Skirving, W., Strong, A. E., Hardy, J. T., LeDrew,
E. F., Hochberg, E. J., Stumpf, R. P., and David, L. T., 2004.
Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 219–228.
Munday, P. L., Jones, G. P., Pratchett, M. S., and Williams, A. J.,
2008. Climate change and future for coral reef fishes. Fish and
Fisheries, 9, 261–285.
Nakamura, T., and van Woesik, R., 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during 1998 bleaching event. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 212,
301–304.
Nakicenovic, N., and Swart, R. (eds.), 2000. Special Report on
Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
Neale, R., and Slingo, J., 2003. The Maritime Continent and its
role in the global climate: a GCM study. Journal of Climate,
16, 834–848.
Negri, A. P., Marshall, P. A., and Heyward, A. J., 2007. Differing
effects of thermal stress on coral fertilization and early embryogenesis in four Indo Pacific species. Coral Reefs, 26, 759–763.
Nozawa, Y., and Harrison, P. L., 2007. Effects of elevated temperature on larval settlement and post-settlement survival in
scleractinian corals, Acropora solitaryensis and Favites
chinensis. Marine Biology, 152, 1181–1185.
Oliver, J. K., Berkelmans, R., and Eakin, C. M., 2009. Coral bleaching
in space and time. In van Oppen, M. J. H., and Lough, J. M. (eds.),
Coral Bleaching. Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 21–39.
Oliver, T. A., and Palumbi, S. R., 2009. Distributions of stressresistant coral symbionts match environmental patterns at local
but not regional scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 378,
93–103.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C.,
Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos,
F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R.,
Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R.G., Plattner, G. -K.,
Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R.,
Slaterm R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M. -F., Yamanaka, Y.,
and Yool, A., 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over
the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.
Nature, 437, 681–686.
Pandolfi, J. M., Jackson, J. B. C., Baron, N., Bradbury, R. H.,
Guzman, H. M., Hughes, T. P., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F.,
Ogden, J. C., Possingham, H. P., and Sala, E., 2005. Are U.S.
coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science, 307,
1725–1726.
Phinney, J. T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Kleypas, J., Skirving, W., and
Strong, A. (eds.), 2006. Coral Reefs and Climate Change:
Science and Management, Coastal and Estuarine Studies.
Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Vol. 61.
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., Santer, B. D., and Gleckler, P. J., 2009.
Selecting global climate models for regional climate change
208
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CORAL REEFS
photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions
with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient
enrichment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09S07,
doi:10.1029/2004JC002576.
Littler, M., and Littler, D. S., 1984. Models of tropical reef biogenesis: the contribution of algae. Progress in Phycological
Research, 3, 323–364.
Lough, J. M., 2000. 1997–98: Unprecedented thermal stress to coral
reefs? Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3901–3904.
Lough, J. M., 2008. A changing climate for coral reefs. Journal of
Environmental Monitoring, 10, 21–29.
Manzello, D. P., Brandt, M., Smith, T. B., Lirman, D., Hendee, J. C.,
and Nemeth, R. S., 2007. Hurricanes benefit bleached corals.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 104, 12035–12039.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M., Glynn,
P. W., and Langdon, C., 2008. Poorly cemented coral reefs of the
eastern tropical Pacific: possible insights into reef development
in a high-CO 2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 10450–10455.
Marshall, P. A., and Baird, A. H., 2000. Bleaching of corals on the
Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa.
Coral Reefs, 19, 155–163.
Massel, S. R., and Done, T. J., 1993. Effects of cyclone waves
on massive coral assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef: meteorology, hydrodynamics and demography. Coral Reefs, 12,
153–166.
Maynard, J. A., Anthony, K. R. N., Marshall, P. A., and Masiri, I.,
2008. Major bleaching events can lead to increased thermal tolerance in corals. Marine Biology, 155, 172–182.
Maynard, J. A., Johnson, J. E., Marshall, P. A., Eakin, C. M., Goby,
G., Schuttenberg, H., and Spillman, C. M., 2009. A strategic
framework for responding to coral bleaching events in a
changing climate. Environmental Management, 44, 1–11,
doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9295-7.
McClanahan, T. R., Ateweberhan, M., Graham, N. A. J., Wilson,
S. K., Ruiz Sebastian, C., Guillaume, M. M. M., and
Bruggemann, J. H., 2007a. Western Indian Ocean coral communities: bleaching responses and susceptibility of extinction.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 337, 1–13.
McClanahan, T. R., Ateweberhan, M., Muhando, C. A., Maina, J.,
and Mohammed, M. S., 2007b. Effects of climate and seawater
temperature variation on coral bleaching and mortality. Ecological Monographs, 77, 503–525.
McClanahan, T. R., Baird, A. H., Marshall, P. A., and Toscano, M. A.,
2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals
between southern Kenya and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 327–335.
McClanahan, T. R., Maina, J., Moothien-Pillay, R., and Baker, A. C.,
2005. Effects of geography, taxa, water flow, and temperature variation on coral bleaching intensity in Mauritius. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 298, 131–142.
McClanahan, T. R., Weil, E., Cortes, J., Baird, A. H., and
Ateweberhan, M., 2009. Consequences of coral bleaching for
sessile reef organisms. In van Oppen, M. J. H., and Lough, J. M.
(eds.), Coral Bleaching. Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Berlin: Springer, pp. 121–138.
McGranaham, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B., 2007. The rising
tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements
in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization,
19, 17–37.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999. Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El
Niño. Science, 283, 950–954.
McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., and Glantz, M. H., 2006. ENSO
as an integrating concept in earth science. Science, 314,
1740–1745.
McWilliams, J. P., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A., Sutherland, W. J., and
Watkinson, A. R., 2005. Accelerating impacts of temperatureinduced bleaching in the Caribbean. Ecology, 86, 2055–2060.
Meier, M. F., Dyurgerov, M. B., Rick, U. K., O’Neel, S., Pfeffer,
W. T., Anderson, R. S., Anderson, S. P., and Glazovsky, A. F.,
2007. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science, 317, 1064–1067.
Mora, C., Andrefouet, S., Costello, M. J., Kranenburg, C., Rollo,
A., Veron, J., Gaston, K. J., and Myers, R. A., 2006. Coral reefs
and the global network of marine protected areas. Science, 312,
1750–1751.
Mora, C., and Ginsburg, R., 2008. A clear human footprint on
the Caribbean coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B, 275, 767–773.
Mumby, P. J., Skirving, W., Strong, A. E., Hardy, J. T., LeDrew,
E. F., Hochberg, E. J., Stumpf, R. P., and David, L. T., 2004.
Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 219–228.
Munday, P. L., Jones, G. P., Pratchett, M. S., and Williams, A. J.,
2008. Climate change and future for coral reef fishes. Fish and
Fisheries, 9, 261–285.
Nakamura, T., and van Woesik, R., 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during 1998 bleaching event. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 212,
301–304.
Nakicenovic, N., and Swart, R. (eds.), 2000. Special Report on
Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
Neale, R., and Slingo, J., 2003. The Maritime Continent and its
role in the global climate: a GCM study. Journal of Climate,
16, 834–848.
Negri, A. P., Marshall, P. A., and Heyward, A. J., 2007. Differing
effects of thermal stress on coral fertilization and early embryogenesis in four Indo Pacific species. Coral Reefs, 26, 759–763.
Nozawa, Y., and Harrison, P. L., 2007. Effects of elevated temperature on larval settlement and post-settlement survival in
scleractinian corals, Acropora solitaryensis and Favites
chinensis. Marine Biology, 152, 1181–1185.
Oliver, J. K., Berkelmans, R., and Eakin, C. M., 2009. Coral bleaching
in space and time. In van Oppen, M. J. H., and Lough, J. M. (eds.),
Coral Bleaching. Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 21–39.
Oliver, T. A., and Palumbi, S. R., 2009. Distributions of stressresistant coral symbionts match environmental patterns at local
but not regional scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 378,
93–103.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C.,
Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos,
F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R.,
Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R.G., Plattner, G. -K.,
Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R.,
Slaterm R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M. -F., Yamanaka, Y.,
and Yool, A., 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over
the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.
Nature, 437, 681–686.
Pandolfi, J. M., Jackson, J. B. C., Baron, N., Bradbury, R. H.,
Guzman, H. M., Hughes, T. P., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F.,
Ogden, J. C., Possingham, H. P., and Sala, E., 2005. Are U.S.
coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science, 307,
1725–1726.
Phinney, J. T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Kleypas, J., Skirving, W., and
Strong, A. (eds.), 2006. Coral Reefs and Climate Change:
Science and Management, Coastal and Estuarine Studies.
Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, Vol. 61.
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., Santer, B. D., and Gleckler, P. J., 2009.
Selecting global climate models for regional climate change
208
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CORAL REEFS