Glynn, P. W., 1983. Extensive ‘bleaching’ and death of reef corals
on the Pacific coast of Panama. Environmental Conservation,
10, 149–154.
Glynn, P. W., 1996. Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and
implications. Global Change Biology, 2, 495–509.
Golbuu, Y., Victor, S., Penland, L., Idip, D., Emaurois, C., Okaji, K.,
Yukihira, H., Iwase, A., and van Woesik, R., 2007. Palau’s coral
reefs show differential habitat recovery following the 1998bleaching event. Coral Reefs, 26, 319–332.
Goreau, T. J., and Hayes, R. L., 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean
“hot spots”. Ambio, 23, 176–180.
Goulet, T. L., 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 321, 1–7.
Graham, N. A. J., 2007. Ecological versatility and the decline of
coral feeding fishes following climate driven coral mortality.
Marine Biology, 153, 119–127.
Graham, N. A. J., McClanahan, T. R., MacNeil, M. A., Wilson,
S. K., Plunin, N. V. C., Jennings, S., Chabanet, P., Clark, S.,
Spalding, M. D., Letourneur, Y., Bigot, L., Galzin, R., Ohman,
M. C., Garpe, K. C., Edwards, A. J., and Sheppard, C. R. C.,
2008. Climate warming, marine protected areas and the oceanscale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 3(8),
e3039, doi:10.1371/journalpone.0003039.
Graham, N. A. J., Wilson, S. K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N. V.,
Bijoux, J. P., and Robinson, J., 2006. Dynamic fragility of
oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103,
8425–8429.
Graham, N. A. J., Wilson, S. K., Jenning, S., Polunin, N. V. C.,
Robinson, J., Bijoux, J. P., and Daw, T. M., 2007. Lag effects
in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 21, 1291–1300.
Guinotte, J. M., Buddemeier, R. W., and Kleypas, J. A., 2003.
Future coral reef habitat marginality: temporal and spatial effects
of climate change in the Pacific basin. Coral Reefs, 22, 551–558.
Guinotte, J. M., and Fabry, V. J., 2008. Ocean acidification and its
potential effects on marine ecosystems. Annals New York Academy of Science, 1134, 320–342.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., Raymo, M., Royer, D. L.,
and Zacjos, J. C., 2008. Target atmospheric CO 2 : where should
humanity aim? The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2,
217–231.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., and MedinaElizade, M., 2006. Global temperature change. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 103, 14288–14293.
Harvell, C. D., Kim, K., Burkholder, J. M., Colwell, R. R., Epstein,
P. R., Grimes, D. J., Hofmann, E. E., Lipp, E. K., Osterhaus,
A. D. M. E., Overstreet, R. M., Porter, J. W., Smith, G. W., and
Vasta, G. R., 1999. Emerging marine diseases – climate links
and anthropogenic factors. Science, 285, 1505–1510.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the
future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater
Research, 50, 839–866.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2005. Low coral cover in a high-CO 2 world.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09S06, doi:10.1029/
2004JC002528.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards,
A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto,
R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dunbi, A., and Hatziolos,
M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Howat, I. M., Joughin, I., and Scambos, T. A., 2007. Rapid changes
in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers. Science, 315,
1559–1561.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly,
S. E., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson,
J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nystrom, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.,
2003. Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of coral
reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C. S., McCook, L. J., and
Pandolfi, J. M., 2007. No-take areas, herbivory and coral reef
resilience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22, 1–3.
Hughes, T. P., and Connell, J. H., 1999. Multiple stressors on coral
reefs: a long-term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography,
44, 932–940.
IPCC, 2007a. In Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z.,
Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L.
(eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007b. In Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van
der Linden, P. J., and Hanson, C. E. (eds.), Climate Change
2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007c. Summary for policymakers. In Solomon, S., Qin, D.,
Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M.,
and Miller, H. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, J. E., and Marshall, P. A. (eds.), 2007. Climate Change and
the Great Barrier Reef. A Vulnerability Assessment. Australia:
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian
Greenhouse Office.
Jokiel, P. L., and Brown, E. K., 2004. Global warming, regional
trends and inshore environmental conditions influence
coral bleaching in Hawaii. Global Change Biology, 10,
1627–1641.
Jokiel, P. L., and Coles, S. L., 1977. Effects of temperature on the
mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals. Marine Biology,
43, 201–208.
Jones, R. J., Bowyer, J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Blackall, L. L.,
2004. Dynamics of a temperature-related coral disease outbreak.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 281, 63–77.
Jones, P. D., New, M., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I. J.,
1999. Surface air temperature and its variations over the last
150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, 37, 173–199.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P.,
Langdon, C., and Opdyke, B. N., 1999b. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs.
Science, 284, 118–120.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2001. The
future of coral reefs in an age of global change. International
Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 426–437.
Kleypas, J. A., Feely, R. A., Fabry, V. J., Langdon, C., Sabine, C. L.,
and Robbins, L. L., 2006. Impacts of ocean acidification on
coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: A guide for future
research. Report of a Workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St
Petersburg, FL, Sponsored by NSF, NOAA and the US Geological Survey.
Kleypas, J. A., McManus, J. W., and Meñez, L. A. B., 1999a. Environmental limits to coral reef development: where do we draw
the line? American Zoologist, 39, 146–159.
Kuffner, I. B., Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S., and
Mackenzie, F. T., 2008. Decreased abundance of crustose
coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nature Geoscience,
1, 114–117.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CORAL REEFS
207
on the Pacific coast of Panama. Environmental Conservation,
10, 149–154.
Glynn, P. W., 1996. Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and
implications. Global Change Biology, 2, 495–509.
Golbuu, Y., Victor, S., Penland, L., Idip, D., Emaurois, C., Okaji, K.,
Yukihira, H., Iwase, A., and van Woesik, R., 2007. Palau’s coral
reefs show differential habitat recovery following the 1998bleaching event. Coral Reefs, 26, 319–332.
Goreau, T. J., and Hayes, R. L., 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean
“hot spots”. Ambio, 23, 176–180.
Goulet, T. L., 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 321, 1–7.
Graham, N. A. J., 2007. Ecological versatility and the decline of
coral feeding fishes following climate driven coral mortality.
Marine Biology, 153, 119–127.
Graham, N. A. J., McClanahan, T. R., MacNeil, M. A., Wilson,
S. K., Plunin, N. V. C., Jennings, S., Chabanet, P., Clark, S.,
Spalding, M. D., Letourneur, Y., Bigot, L., Galzin, R., Ohman,
M. C., Garpe, K. C., Edwards, A. J., and Sheppard, C. R. C.,
2008. Climate warming, marine protected areas and the oceanscale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 3(8),
e3039, doi:10.1371/journalpone.0003039.
Graham, N. A. J., Wilson, S. K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N. V.,
Bijoux, J. P., and Robinson, J., 2006. Dynamic fragility of
oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103,
8425–8429.
Graham, N. A. J., Wilson, S. K., Jenning, S., Polunin, N. V. C.,
Robinson, J., Bijoux, J. P., and Daw, T. M., 2007. Lag effects
in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 21, 1291–1300.
Guinotte, J. M., Buddemeier, R. W., and Kleypas, J. A., 2003.
Future coral reef habitat marginality: temporal and spatial effects
of climate change in the Pacific basin. Coral Reefs, 22, 551–558.
Guinotte, J. M., and Fabry, V. J., 2008. Ocean acidification and its
potential effects on marine ecosystems. Annals New York Academy of Science, 1134, 320–342.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., Raymo, M., Royer, D. L.,
and Zacjos, J. C., 2008. Target atmospheric CO 2 : where should
humanity aim? The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2,
217–231.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., and MedinaElizade, M., 2006. Global temperature change. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 103, 14288–14293.
Harvell, C. D., Kim, K., Burkholder, J. M., Colwell, R. R., Epstein,
P. R., Grimes, D. J., Hofmann, E. E., Lipp, E. K., Osterhaus,
A. D. M. E., Overstreet, R. M., Porter, J. W., Smith, G. W., and
Vasta, G. R., 1999. Emerging marine diseases – climate links
and anthropogenic factors. Science, 285, 1505–1510.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the
future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater
Research, 50, 839–866.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2005. Low coral cover in a high-CO 2 world.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09S06, doi:10.1029/
2004JC002528.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards,
A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto,
R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dunbi, A., and Hatziolos,
M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Howat, I. M., Joughin, I., and Scambos, T. A., 2007. Rapid changes
in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers. Science, 315,
1559–1561.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly,
S. E., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson,
J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nystrom, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.,
2003. Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of coral
reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C. S., McCook, L. J., and
Pandolfi, J. M., 2007. No-take areas, herbivory and coral reef
resilience. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22, 1–3.
Hughes, T. P., and Connell, J. H., 1999. Multiple stressors on coral
reefs: a long-term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography,
44, 932–940.
IPCC, 2007a. In Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z.,
Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L.
(eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007b. In Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van
der Linden, P. J., and Hanson, C. E. (eds.), Climate Change
2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007c. Summary for policymakers. In Solomon, S., Qin, D.,
Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M.,
and Miller, H. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, J. E., and Marshall, P. A. (eds.), 2007. Climate Change and
the Great Barrier Reef. A Vulnerability Assessment. Australia:
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian
Greenhouse Office.
Jokiel, P. L., and Brown, E. K., 2004. Global warming, regional
trends and inshore environmental conditions influence
coral bleaching in Hawaii. Global Change Biology, 10,
1627–1641.
Jokiel, P. L., and Coles, S. L., 1977. Effects of temperature on the
mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals. Marine Biology,
43, 201–208.
Jones, R. J., Bowyer, J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Blackall, L. L.,
2004. Dynamics of a temperature-related coral disease outbreak.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 281, 63–77.
Jones, P. D., New, M., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I. J.,
1999. Surface air temperature and its variations over the last
150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, 37, 173–199.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P.,
Langdon, C., and Opdyke, B. N., 1999b. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs.
Science, 284, 118–120.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2001. The
future of coral reefs in an age of global change. International
Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 426–437.
Kleypas, J. A., Feely, R. A., Fabry, V. J., Langdon, C., Sabine, C. L.,
and Robbins, L. L., 2006. Impacts of ocean acidification on
coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: A guide for future
research. Report of a Workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St
Petersburg, FL, Sponsored by NSF, NOAA and the US Geological Survey.
Kleypas, J. A., McManus, J. W., and Meñez, L. A. B., 1999a. Environmental limits to coral reef development: where do we draw
the line? American Zoologist, 39, 146–159.
Kuffner, I. B., Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S., and
Mackenzie, F. T., 2008. Decreased abundance of crustose
coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nature Geoscience,
1, 114–117.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CORAL REEFS
207