nuclear era and their prognosis during the global climate
change of the future. Especially important is to continuing
the monitoring of radio-nuclides in marine food webs and
monitoring the abundance and distribution of reef biota at
fixed sites over extended time. Such studies would likely
benefit the future use and occupation, if any, by present
and future generations of the Bikini People.
Bibliography
Agegian, C. R., Chave, K. E., Lauritzen, R., Ratigan, E., Suzumoto, A.,
and Tribble, G., 1987. In: Interim Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for the Rehabilitation of Soil at Bikini Atoll, Republic
of the Marshall Islands. Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee
Supplementary Document No. 2, July 1987, Part 2, Appendix
C, Berkeley, CA, p. 97.
Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee, 1987. Report No. 5. Submitted to U.S. Congress, House and Senate Committees on Interior Appropriations, pursuant to House Report 99–1002 and
Public Law 99–500. Department of Interior Account No.
14X0414/TT-1580X08: Contract No. 14–01–0001–85-C-11.
Washington, DC.
Bradsher, R. V., Robison, W. L., and Hamilton, T. F., 2004. The
Marshall Islands Dose Assessment and Radioecology Program (1974–2003): A Bibliography. Livermore, CA: Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory Staff Publications, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California.
Buddemeier, R. W., Maragos, J. E., and Knutson, D. W., 1974.
Radiographic studies of reef coral exoskeletons: rates and patterns of coral growth. Journal of Experimental Biology and
Ecology, 14, 179–200.
Cole, W. S., 1954. Larger Foraminifera and Smaller Diagnostic
Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes. U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 260-Z.
Cushman, J. A., Todd, R., and Post, R. J., 1954. Recent Foraminifera of the Marshall Islands. U.S. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 260-H.
Delgado, J. P., 1996. Ghost Fleet: The Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Delgado, J. P., Lenihan, D. J., and Murphy, L. F., 1991. The Archaeology of the Atomic Bomb: A Submerged Cultural Resources
Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at
Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons. Republic of the Marshall
Islands. Santa Fe: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service, Submerged Cultural Resources Unit.
Dobrin, M. B., and Perkins, B. Jr., 1954. Seismic Studies of Bikini
Atoll. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-J.
Emery, K. O., Tracey, J. I., and Ladd, H. S., 1954. Geology of Bikini
and Nearby Atolls. Part 1. Geology. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-A.
Fosberg, F. R., 1988. Vegetation of Bikini Atoll, 1985. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 315, 1–28.
Garrett, K. L., and Schreiber, R. W., 1988. The birds of Bikini Atoll,
Marshall Islands May 1986. Atoll Research Bulletin, 314, 1–42.
Hamilton, T. F., and Robison, W. L., 2004. Overview of Radiological Conditions on Bikini Atoll. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California.
Hezel, F. X., 1983. The First Taint of Civilization: A History of
the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial Days,
1521–1885. Pacific Islands Monograph Series, No.1. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Hezel, F. X., and Berg, M. L., (eds.), 1980. Winds of change: A book
of readings on Micronesian History. Saipan: Northern Mariana
Islands and Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia:
Omnibus Program for Social Studies Cultural Heritage, p. 538.
Hines, N. O., 1963. Proving Ground: An Account of the Radiobiological Studies in the Pacific, 1946–1961. Seattle: University
of Washington Press.
Johnson, J. H., 1954. Fossil Calcareous Algae from Bikini Atoll. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-M.
Kili-Bikini-Ejit Local Government, 2009. Bikini Atoll Nomination
for Inscription to the World Heritage List of 2010. Majuro,
MH: Prepared by N. Baker for the Alele Museum, Library, and
National Archives, Republic of the Marshall Islands, pp. 96960.
Kiste, R. C., 1974. The Bikinians: A study in Forced Migration.
Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing Co.
Maragos, J. E., 1985. Bikini Atoll Corals and Coral Reefs. Unpublished
MS and notes. Kāne‘ohe, Hawaii.
Maragos, J. E., and Holthus, P. F., 1999. A status report on the coral
reefs of the insular tropical Pacific, In Eldredge, L. G., Maragos,
J. E., Holthus, P. F., and Takeuchi, H. F. (eds.), Marine and
Coastal Biodiversity in the Tropical Island Pacific. Volume 2,
Population, Development, and Management Priorities. Honolulu: Program on Environment, East-West Center, and Pacific
Science Association c/o Bishop Museum, pp. 47–118.
Martin, E., and Rowland, R., 1982. Castle Series, 1954. Washington,
DC: Defense Nuclear Agency.
Mason, L., 1950. The Bikinians: a transplanted population. Human
Organization, 9, 5–15.
Mason, L., 1958. Kili community in transition. South Pacific Commission Quarterly Bulletin, 18, 32–35.
McDougald, M. S., and Schlei, N. A., 1987. The hydrogen bomb
tests in perspective: lawful measures for security. In: Studies in
World Public Order. New Haven, CT: New Haven Press.
Niedenthal, J., 2002. For the Good of mankind: A History of the
People of Bikini and Their Islands. Majuro, Marshall Islands:
Bravo.
Noshkin, V. E., Eagle, R. J., and Robison, W. L., 1997. Sediment
Studies at Bikini Atoll Part 1. Distribution of Fine and Coarse
Components in Surface Sediments. Livermore, CA: Livermore
National Laboratory.
Pinca, S., Beger, M., Richards, Z., and Peterson, E., 2002. Coral
reef biodiversity community based assessment and conservation
planning in the Marshall Islands: baseline surveys, capacity
building and natural protection and management of coral reefs
of the atolls of Bikini and Rongelap. Report to the Rongelap
Government, Republic of the Marshall Islands.
Rainbird, P., 1994. Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The
Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands. Journal of World Prehistory, 8(3), 293–359.
Raitt, R. W., 1954. Seismic Refraction Studies of Bikini and Kwajalein Atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-K.
Richards, Z. T., Beger, M., Pinca, S., and Wallace, C. C., 2008.
Bikini Atoll coral biodiversity resilience revealed; five decades
after nuclear testing. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 503–515.
Ristvet, B. L., 1987. Geology and geohydrology of Enewetak Atoll. In
Devaney, D. N., et al. (ed.), The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll.
Vol. 1, The Ecosystems, Environments, Biotas, and Processes,
(DE87006110). United States Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research,
and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-. Oakridge,
Tennessee: NTIS Energy Distribution Center, pp. 37–58.
Schlanger, S. O., 1963. Subsurface Geology of Eniwetok Atoll. U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-BB, 991–1066.
Scott, G. A. J., and Rotondo, G. M., 1983. A model for the development of types of atoll and volcanic islands on the Pacific lithospheric plate. Atoll Research Bulletin, 260, 1–33.
Streck, C. F., 1987. Archaeological survey. In Interim Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Rehabilitation of Soil at
Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Berkeley CA:
Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee Supplementary Document No. 2, July 1987, Part 3, Appendix B, p. 204.
BIKINI ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS
135
change of the future. Especially important is to continuing
the monitoring of radio-nuclides in marine food webs and
monitoring the abundance and distribution of reef biota at
fixed sites over extended time. Such studies would likely
benefit the future use and occupation, if any, by present
and future generations of the Bikini People.
Bibliography
Agegian, C. R., Chave, K. E., Lauritzen, R., Ratigan, E., Suzumoto, A.,
and Tribble, G., 1987. In: Interim Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for the Rehabilitation of Soil at Bikini Atoll, Republic
of the Marshall Islands. Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee
Supplementary Document No. 2, July 1987, Part 2, Appendix
C, Berkeley, CA, p. 97.
Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee, 1987. Report No. 5. Submitted to U.S. Congress, House and Senate Committees on Interior Appropriations, pursuant to House Report 99–1002 and
Public Law 99–500. Department of Interior Account No.
14X0414/TT-1580X08: Contract No. 14–01–0001–85-C-11.
Washington, DC.
Bradsher, R. V., Robison, W. L., and Hamilton, T. F., 2004. The
Marshall Islands Dose Assessment and Radioecology Program (1974–2003): A Bibliography. Livermore, CA: Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory Staff Publications, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California.
Buddemeier, R. W., Maragos, J. E., and Knutson, D. W., 1974.
Radiographic studies of reef coral exoskeletons: rates and patterns of coral growth. Journal of Experimental Biology and
Ecology, 14, 179–200.
Cole, W. S., 1954. Larger Foraminifera and Smaller Diagnostic
Foraminifera from Bikini Drill Holes. U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 260-Z.
Cushman, J. A., Todd, R., and Post, R. J., 1954. Recent Foraminifera of the Marshall Islands. U.S. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 260-H.
Delgado, J. P., 1996. Ghost Fleet: The Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Delgado, J. P., Lenihan, D. J., and Murphy, L. F., 1991. The Archaeology of the Atomic Bomb: A Submerged Cultural Resources
Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at
Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons. Republic of the Marshall
Islands. Santa Fe: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service, Submerged Cultural Resources Unit.
Dobrin, M. B., and Perkins, B. Jr., 1954. Seismic Studies of Bikini
Atoll. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-J.
Emery, K. O., Tracey, J. I., and Ladd, H. S., 1954. Geology of Bikini
and Nearby Atolls. Part 1. Geology. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-A.
Fosberg, F. R., 1988. Vegetation of Bikini Atoll, 1985. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 315, 1–28.
Garrett, K. L., and Schreiber, R. W., 1988. The birds of Bikini Atoll,
Marshall Islands May 1986. Atoll Research Bulletin, 314, 1–42.
Hamilton, T. F., and Robison, W. L., 2004. Overview of Radiological Conditions on Bikini Atoll. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California.
Hezel, F. X., 1983. The First Taint of Civilization: A History of
the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial Days,
1521–1885. Pacific Islands Monograph Series, No.1. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Hezel, F. X., and Berg, M. L., (eds.), 1980. Winds of change: A book
of readings on Micronesian History. Saipan: Northern Mariana
Islands and Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia:
Omnibus Program for Social Studies Cultural Heritage, p. 538.
Hines, N. O., 1963. Proving Ground: An Account of the Radiobiological Studies in the Pacific, 1946–1961. Seattle: University
of Washington Press.
Johnson, J. H., 1954. Fossil Calcareous Algae from Bikini Atoll. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-M.
Kili-Bikini-Ejit Local Government, 2009. Bikini Atoll Nomination
for Inscription to the World Heritage List of 2010. Majuro,
MH: Prepared by N. Baker for the Alele Museum, Library, and
National Archives, Republic of the Marshall Islands, pp. 96960.
Kiste, R. C., 1974. The Bikinians: A study in Forced Migration.
Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing Co.
Maragos, J. E., 1985. Bikini Atoll Corals and Coral Reefs. Unpublished
MS and notes. Kāne‘ohe, Hawaii.
Maragos, J. E., and Holthus, P. F., 1999. A status report on the coral
reefs of the insular tropical Pacific, In Eldredge, L. G., Maragos,
J. E., Holthus, P. F., and Takeuchi, H. F. (eds.), Marine and
Coastal Biodiversity in the Tropical Island Pacific. Volume 2,
Population, Development, and Management Priorities. Honolulu: Program on Environment, East-West Center, and Pacific
Science Association c/o Bishop Museum, pp. 47–118.
Martin, E., and Rowland, R., 1982. Castle Series, 1954. Washington,
DC: Defense Nuclear Agency.
Mason, L., 1950. The Bikinians: a transplanted population. Human
Organization, 9, 5–15.
Mason, L., 1958. Kili community in transition. South Pacific Commission Quarterly Bulletin, 18, 32–35.
McDougald, M. S., and Schlei, N. A., 1987. The hydrogen bomb
tests in perspective: lawful measures for security. In: Studies in
World Public Order. New Haven, CT: New Haven Press.
Niedenthal, J., 2002. For the Good of mankind: A History of the
People of Bikini and Their Islands. Majuro, Marshall Islands:
Bravo.
Noshkin, V. E., Eagle, R. J., and Robison, W. L., 1997. Sediment
Studies at Bikini Atoll Part 1. Distribution of Fine and Coarse
Components in Surface Sediments. Livermore, CA: Livermore
National Laboratory.
Pinca, S., Beger, M., Richards, Z., and Peterson, E., 2002. Coral
reef biodiversity community based assessment and conservation
planning in the Marshall Islands: baseline surveys, capacity
building and natural protection and management of coral reefs
of the atolls of Bikini and Rongelap. Report to the Rongelap
Government, Republic of the Marshall Islands.
Rainbird, P., 1994. Prehistory in the Northwest Tropical Pacific: The
Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands. Journal of World Prehistory, 8(3), 293–359.
Raitt, R. W., 1954. Seismic Refraction Studies of Bikini and Kwajalein Atolls. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-K.
Richards, Z. T., Beger, M., Pinca, S., and Wallace, C. C., 2008.
Bikini Atoll coral biodiversity resilience revealed; five decades
after nuclear testing. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 503–515.
Ristvet, B. L., 1987. Geology and geohydrology of Enewetak Atoll. In
Devaney, D. N., et al. (ed.), The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll.
Vol. 1, The Ecosystems, Environments, Biotas, and Processes,
(DE87006110). United States Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research,
and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-. Oakridge,
Tennessee: NTIS Energy Distribution Center, pp. 37–58.
Schlanger, S. O., 1963. Subsurface Geology of Eniwetok Atoll. U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-BB, 991–1066.
Scott, G. A. J., and Rotondo, G. M., 1983. A model for the development of types of atoll and volcanic islands on the Pacific lithospheric plate. Atoll Research Bulletin, 260, 1–33.
Streck, C. F., 1987. Archaeological survey. In Interim Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Rehabilitation of Soil at
Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Berkeley CA:
Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee Supplementary Document No. 2, July 1987, Part 3, Appendix B, p. 204.
BIKINI ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS
135