x
3.2.3 Rostral Teeth ...................................................................... 109
3.2.4 Pharyngeal Denticles and Teeth ......................................... 110
3.2.5 Extra-oral and Extra-mandibular Teeth .............................. 113
3.2.6 Vertebrate Oral Teeth ......................................................... 114
3.2.7 Conclusion.......................................................................... 132
3.3 Otoconia and Otoliths .................................................................... 133
3.3.1 Chemistry and Biochemistry of Otoconia
and Otoliths ........................................................................ 137
3.3.2 Practical Applications of the Fish Otoliths......................... 141
3.3.3 Conclusion.......................................................................... 142
3.4 Egg Shells of Marine Vertebrates ................................................... 143
3.4.1 Eggshells of Marine Reptilia .............................................. 146
3.4.2 Egg Shells of Sea Birds ...................................................... 152
3.4.3 Conclusion.......................................................................... 153
3.5 Biomagnetite in Marine Vertebrates ............................................... 153
3.5.1 Magnetite in Marine Fish ................................................... 159
3.5.2 Magnetite in Marine Reptiles ............................................. 160
3.5.3 Magnetite in Sea Birds ....................................................... 161
3.5.4 Magnetite in Cetaceans ...................................................... 163
3.5.5 Conclusion.......................................................................... 164
3.6 Biohalite ......................................................................................... 164
3.6.1 Diversity and Origin of Salt Glands
in Marine Vertebrates ......................................................... 165
3.6.2 Salt Glands: From Anatomy to Cellular Level ................... 169
3.6.3 Conclusion.......................................................................... 171
3.7 Pathological Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates .................. 172
3.7.1 Conclusion.......................................................................... 178
3.8 Silica-Based Minerals in Marine Vertebrates ................................. 179
3.8.1 Conclusion.......................................................................... 181
References ................................................................................................. 182
Part III Marine Fishes as Source of Unique Biocomposites
4 Fish Scales as Mineral-Based Composites ............................................ 213
4.1 Enamel and Enameloid .................................................................. 215
4.2 Dentine and Dentine-Based Composite ......................................... 218
4.3 Fish Scales, Scutes and Denticles: Diversity and Structure ........... 222
4.4 Conclusion...................................................................................... 231
References ................................................................................................. 231
5 Materials Design Principles of Fish Scales and Armor ....................... 237
5.1 Biomechanics of Fish Scales .......................................................... 244
5.2 Fish Swimming and the Surface Shape of Fish Scale .................... 252
5.2.1 Superoleophobicity of Fish Scale Surfaces ........................ 256
5.2.2 Selfcleaning of Fish Scales and
Biomimetic Applications .................................................... 257
Contents