ix
Contents
Part I Biomaterials of Vertebrates Origin. An Overview
1 Introduction .............................................................................................
3
1.1 Species Richness and Diversity of Marine Vertebrates ..................
3
1.2 Part I: Biomaterials of Vertebrate Origin. An Overview ................
4
1.2.1 Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fishes) .................................
4
1.2.2 Gnathostomes .....................................................................
8
1.2.3 Tetrapoda ............................................................................ 26
1.3 Conclusion...................................................................................... 49
References ................................................................................................. 50
Part II Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates
2 Cartilage of Marine Vertebrates ............................................................ 69
2.1 From Non-mineralized to Mineralized Cartilage ........................... 69
2.1.1 Marine Cartilage: Biomechanics and
Material Properties ............................................................. 76
2.1.2 Marine Cartilage: Tissue Engineering ................................ 79
2.1.3 Shark Cartilage: Medical Aspect ........................................ 82
2.2 Conclusion...................................................................................... 84
References ................................................................................................. 84
3 Biocomposites and Mineralized Tissues ................................................ 91
3.1 Bone ............................................................................................... 91
3.1.1 Whale Bone: Size, Chemistry and Material
Properties............................................................................ 97
3.1.2 Whale Bone Hause ............................................................. 102
3.1.3 Conclusion.......................................................................... 103
3.2 Teeth ............................................................................................... 104
3.2.1 Tooth-Like Structures ......................................................... 106
3.2.2 Keratinized Teeth ............................................................... 108
Contents
Part I Biomaterials of Vertebrates Origin. An Overview
1 Introduction .............................................................................................
3
1.1 Species Richness and Diversity of Marine Vertebrates ..................
3
1.2 Part I: Biomaterials of Vertebrate Origin. An Overview ................
4
1.2.1 Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fishes) .................................
4
1.2.2 Gnathostomes .....................................................................
8
1.2.3 Tetrapoda ............................................................................ 26
1.3 Conclusion...................................................................................... 49
References ................................................................................................. 50
Part II Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates
2 Cartilage of Marine Vertebrates ............................................................ 69
2.1 From Non-mineralized to Mineralized Cartilage ........................... 69
2.1.1 Marine Cartilage: Biomechanics and
Material Properties ............................................................. 76
2.1.2 Marine Cartilage: Tissue Engineering ................................ 79
2.1.3 Shark Cartilage: Medical Aspect ........................................ 82
2.2 Conclusion...................................................................................... 84
References ................................................................................................. 84
3 Biocomposites and Mineralized Tissues ................................................ 91
3.1 Bone ............................................................................................... 91
3.1.1 Whale Bone: Size, Chemistry and Material
Properties............................................................................ 97
3.1.2 Whale Bone Hause ............................................................. 102
3.1.3 Conclusion.......................................................................... 103
3.2 Teeth ............................................................................................... 104
3.2.1 Tooth-Like Structures ......................................................... 106
3.2.2 Keratinized Teeth ............................................................... 108