5 Metazoan Complexity
175
Kozmik Z et al (2003) Role of Pax genes in eye evolution: a cnidarian PaxB gene uniting Pax2 and
Pax6 functions. Dev Cell 5: 773–785
Kraus Y et al (2007) The blastoporal organiser of a sea anemone. Curr Biol 17: R874–R876
Kusserow A et al (2005) Unexpected complexity of the Wnt gene family in a sea anemone. Nature
433: 156–160
Lang BF et al (2002) The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr Biol 12: 1773–1778
Larroux C et al (2007) The NK homeobox gene cluster predates the origin of Hox genes. Curr Biol
17: 706–710
Larroux C et al (2006) Developmental expression of transcription factor genes in a demosponge:
insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity. Evol Dev 8: 150–173
Larroux C et al (2008) Genesis and expansions of metazoan transcription factor classes. Mol Biol
Evol 25: 980–996
Leadbeater BSC (1983) Life-history and ultrastructure of a new marine species of Proterospongia
(Choanoflagellida). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 63: 135–160
Lee PN et al (2007) Asymmetric developmental potential along the animal-vegetal axis in the
anthozoan cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, is mediated by Dishevelled. Dev Biol 310:
169–186
Lemaire P (2006) Developmental biology. How many ways to make a chordate? Science 312:
1145–1156
Levine M, Tjian R (2003) Transcription regulation and animal diversity. Nature 424: 147–151
Leys SP (2004) Gastrulation in sponges. In Stern CD (ed) Gastrulation. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Sping Harbor, New York
Leys SP, Degnan BM (2001) Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva. Biol
Bull 201: 323–338
Leys SP, Ereskovsky AV (2006) Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges. Can J Zool
84: 262–287
Maniatis T, Tasic B (2002) Alternative pre-mRNA splicing and proteome expansion in metazoans.
Nature 418: 236–243
Manning G et al (2008) The protist, Monosiga brevicollis, has a tyrosine kinase signaling network
more elaborate and diverse than found in any known metazoan. PNAS 105: 9674–9679
Manuel M, Le Parco Y (2000) Homeobox gene diversification in the calcareous sponge, Sycon
raphanus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 17: 97–107
Manuel M et al (2004) Comparative analysis of Brachyury T-domains, with the characterization of
two new sponge sequences, from a hexactinellid and a calcisponge. Gene 340: 291–301
Marlow HQ et al (2009) Anatomy and development of the nervous system of Nematostella
vectensis, an anthozoan cnidarian. Dev Neurobiol 69: 235–254
Martindale MQ (2005) The evolution of metazoan axial properties. Nat Rev Genet 6: 917–927
Martindale MQ et al (2004) Investigating the origins of triploblasty: ‘mesodermal’ gene expression
in a diploblastic animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum, Cnidaria; class,
Anthozoa). Development 131: 2463–2474
Martinelli C, Spring J (2003) Distinct expression patterns of the two T-box homologues Brachyury
and Tbx2/3 in the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. Dev Genes Evol 213: 492–499
Martinelli C, Spring J (2004) Expression pattern of the homeobox gene Not in the basal metazoan
Trichoplax adhaerens. Gene Expr Patterns 4: 443–447
Masuda-Nakagawa LM et al (2000) The HOX-like gene Cnox2-Pc is expressed at the anterior
region in all life cycle stages of the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. Dev Genes Evol 210: 151–156
Mattick JS (2007) A new paradigm for developmental biology. J Exp Biol 210: 1526–1547
Matus DQ et al (2008) The Hedgehog gene family of the cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, and
implications for understanding metazoan Hedgehog pathway evolution. Dev Biol 313: 501–518
Matus DQ et al (2006a) Molecular evidence for deep evolutionary roots of bilaterality in animal
development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 11195–11200
Matus DQ et al (2006b) Dorso/ventral genes are asymmetrically expressed and involved in germlayer demarcation during cnidarian gastrulation. Curr Biol 16: 499–505
175
Kozmik Z et al (2003) Role of Pax genes in eye evolution: a cnidarian PaxB gene uniting Pax2 and
Pax6 functions. Dev Cell 5: 773–785
Kraus Y et al (2007) The blastoporal organiser of a sea anemone. Curr Biol 17: R874–R876
Kusserow A et al (2005) Unexpected complexity of the Wnt gene family in a sea anemone. Nature
433: 156–160
Lang BF et al (2002) The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr Biol 12: 1773–1778
Larroux C et al (2007) The NK homeobox gene cluster predates the origin of Hox genes. Curr Biol
17: 706–710
Larroux C et al (2006) Developmental expression of transcription factor genes in a demosponge:
insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity. Evol Dev 8: 150–173
Larroux C et al (2008) Genesis and expansions of metazoan transcription factor classes. Mol Biol
Evol 25: 980–996
Leadbeater BSC (1983) Life-history and ultrastructure of a new marine species of Proterospongia
(Choanoflagellida). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 63: 135–160
Lee PN et al (2007) Asymmetric developmental potential along the animal-vegetal axis in the
anthozoan cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, is mediated by Dishevelled. Dev Biol 310:
169–186
Lemaire P (2006) Developmental biology. How many ways to make a chordate? Science 312:
1145–1156
Levine M, Tjian R (2003) Transcription regulation and animal diversity. Nature 424: 147–151
Leys SP (2004) Gastrulation in sponges. In Stern CD (ed) Gastrulation. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, Cold Sping Harbor, New York
Leys SP, Degnan BM (2001) Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva. Biol
Bull 201: 323–338
Leys SP, Ereskovsky AV (2006) Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges. Can J Zool
84: 262–287
Maniatis T, Tasic B (2002) Alternative pre-mRNA splicing and proteome expansion in metazoans.
Nature 418: 236–243
Manning G et al (2008) The protist, Monosiga brevicollis, has a tyrosine kinase signaling network
more elaborate and diverse than found in any known metazoan. PNAS 105: 9674–9679
Manuel M, Le Parco Y (2000) Homeobox gene diversification in the calcareous sponge, Sycon
raphanus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 17: 97–107
Manuel M et al (2004) Comparative analysis of Brachyury T-domains, with the characterization of
two new sponge sequences, from a hexactinellid and a calcisponge. Gene 340: 291–301
Marlow HQ et al (2009) Anatomy and development of the nervous system of Nematostella
vectensis, an anthozoan cnidarian. Dev Neurobiol 69: 235–254
Martindale MQ (2005) The evolution of metazoan axial properties. Nat Rev Genet 6: 917–927
Martindale MQ et al (2004) Investigating the origins of triploblasty: ‘mesodermal’ gene expression
in a diploblastic animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum, Cnidaria; class,
Anthozoa). Development 131: 2463–2474
Martinelli C, Spring J (2003) Distinct expression patterns of the two T-box homologues Brachyury
and Tbx2/3 in the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. Dev Genes Evol 213: 492–499
Martinelli C, Spring J (2004) Expression pattern of the homeobox gene Not in the basal metazoan
Trichoplax adhaerens. Gene Expr Patterns 4: 443–447
Masuda-Nakagawa LM et al (2000) The HOX-like gene Cnox2-Pc is expressed at the anterior
region in all life cycle stages of the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea. Dev Genes Evol 210: 151–156
Mattick JS (2007) A new paradigm for developmental biology. J Exp Biol 210: 1526–1547
Matus DQ et al (2008) The Hedgehog gene family of the cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, and
implications for understanding metazoan Hedgehog pathway evolution. Dev Biol 313: 501–518
Matus DQ et al (2006a) Molecular evidence for deep evolutionary roots of bilaterality in animal
development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 11195–11200
Matus DQ et al (2006b) Dorso/ventral genes are asymmetrically expressed and involved in germlayer demarcation during cnidarian gastrulation. Curr Biol 16: 499–505