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Structural characteristics of synthetic amorphous calcium carbonate. Chemistry of Materials
20:4720–4728
Mitsunaga K, Makihara R, Fujino Y, Yasumasu I (1986) Inhibitory effects of ethacrynic acid,
furosemide and ifedipne on the calcification of spicules in cultures of micromeres from
H. pulcherrimus. Differentiation 30:197–205
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John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 75–86
Moureaux C, Pe ´rez-Huerta A, Compe `re P, Zhu W, Leloup T, Cusack M, Dubois P (2010)
Structure, composition and mechanical relations to function in sea urchin spine. J Struct Biol
170(1):41–49
Nakano E, Okazaki K, Iwamatsu T (1963) Accumulation of radioactive calcium in larvae of the
sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Biol Bull 125:125–133
Nassif N, PInna N, Gehrke N, antoniettei M, Jager C, Colfen H (2005) Amorphous layer around
aragonite platelets in nacre. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12653–12655
Nelson BV, Vance RR (1979) Diel foraging patterns of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus
as a predator avoidance strategy. Mar Biol 51:251–258
Okazaki K (1956) Skeleton formation of the sea urchin larvae. I. Effect of Ca concentration of the
medium. Biol Bull 110:320–333
Okazaki K (1960) Skeleton formation of sea urchin larvae. II. Organic matrix of the spicule.
Embryologia 5:283–320
Okazaki K (1975a) Spicule formation by isolated micromeres of the sea urchin embryo. Amer
Zool 15:567–581
Okazaki K (1975b) Normal development to metamorphosis. In: Czihak G (ed) The sea urchin
embryo. Springer, Berlin, pp 177–216
Okazaki K, Inoue S (1976) Crystal property of the larval sea urchin spicule. Dev Growth Differ
188:567–581
Orme CA, Noy A, Wierzbicki A, McBride MT, Grantham M, Teng HH, Dove PM, DeYoreo JJ
(2001) Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite
surface steps. Nature 411:775–779
Otter GW (1932) Rock burrowing echinoids. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 7:89–107
Peled-Kamar M, Hamilton P, Wilt FH (2002) The Spicule matrix protein LSM34 is essential for
biomineralization of the sea urchin spicule. Exp Cell Res 272:56–61
Penn RL, Banfield JF (1999) Morphology development and crystal growth in nanocrystalline
aggregates under hydrothermal conditions: Insights from titania. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
63:154915–154957
Politi Y, Arad T, Klein E, Weiner S, Addadi L (2004) Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient
amorphous calcium carbonate phase. Science 306:1161–1164
Politi Y, Levi-Kalisman Y, Raz S, Wilt F, Addadi L, Weiner S, Sagi I (2006) Structural
characterization of the transient amorphous calcium carbonate precursor phase in sea urchin
embryos. Adv Funct Mater 16:1289–1298
Politi Y, Metzler RA, Abrecht M, Gilbert B, Wilt FH, Sagi I, Addadi L, Weiner S, Gilbert PUPA
(2008) Transformation mechanism of amorphous calcium carbonate into calcite in the sea
urchin larval spicule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17362–17366
Radha AV, Forbes TZ, Killian CE, Gilbert PUPA, Navrotsky A (2010) Transformation and
crystallization energetics of synthetic and biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate. Procs Natl
Acad Sci USA 107:16438–16443
Raup DM (1966) The endoskeleton. In: Boolootian RA (ed) Physiology of echinodermata. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 379–395
Robach JS, Stock SR, Veis A (2009) Structure of first-and second-stage mineralized elements in
teeth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J Struct Biol 168:452–466
Seto J, Zhang Y, Hamilton P, Wilt F (2004) The localization of occluded matrix proteins in
calcareous spicules of sea urchin larvae. J Struct Biol 148:123–130
222
P.U.P.A Gilbert and F.H. Wilt
Structural characteristics of synthetic amorphous calcium carbonate. Chemistry of Materials
20:4720–4728
Mitsunaga K, Makihara R, Fujino Y, Yasumasu I (1986) Inhibitory effects of ethacrynic acid,
furosemide and ifedipne on the calcification of spicules in cultures of micromeres from
H. pulcherrimus. Differentiation 30:197–205
Moore HB (1966) Ecology of echinoids. In: Boolootian RA (ed) Physiology of echinodermata.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 75–86
Moureaux C, Pe ´rez-Huerta A, Compe `re P, Zhu W, Leloup T, Cusack M, Dubois P (2010)
Structure, composition and mechanical relations to function in sea urchin spine. J Struct Biol
170(1):41–49
Nakano E, Okazaki K, Iwamatsu T (1963) Accumulation of radioactive calcium in larvae of the
sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Biol Bull 125:125–133
Nassif N, PInna N, Gehrke N, antoniettei M, Jager C, Colfen H (2005) Amorphous layer around
aragonite platelets in nacre. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12653–12655
Nelson BV, Vance RR (1979) Diel foraging patterns of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus
as a predator avoidance strategy. Mar Biol 51:251–258
Okazaki K (1956) Skeleton formation of the sea urchin larvae. I. Effect of Ca concentration of the
medium. Biol Bull 110:320–333
Okazaki K (1960) Skeleton formation of sea urchin larvae. II. Organic matrix of the spicule.
Embryologia 5:283–320
Okazaki K (1975a) Spicule formation by isolated micromeres of the sea urchin embryo. Amer
Zool 15:567–581
Okazaki K (1975b) Normal development to metamorphosis. In: Czihak G (ed) The sea urchin
embryo. Springer, Berlin, pp 177–216
Okazaki K, Inoue S (1976) Crystal property of the larval sea urchin spicule. Dev Growth Differ
188:567–581
Orme CA, Noy A, Wierzbicki A, McBride MT, Grantham M, Teng HH, Dove PM, DeYoreo JJ
(2001) Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite
surface steps. Nature 411:775–779
Otter GW (1932) Rock burrowing echinoids. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 7:89–107
Peled-Kamar M, Hamilton P, Wilt FH (2002) The Spicule matrix protein LSM34 is essential for
biomineralization of the sea urchin spicule. Exp Cell Res 272:56–61
Penn RL, Banfield JF (1999) Morphology development and crystal growth in nanocrystalline
aggregates under hydrothermal conditions: Insights from titania. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
63:154915–154957
Politi Y, Arad T, Klein E, Weiner S, Addadi L (2004) Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient
amorphous calcium carbonate phase. Science 306:1161–1164
Politi Y, Levi-Kalisman Y, Raz S, Wilt F, Addadi L, Weiner S, Sagi I (2006) Structural
characterization of the transient amorphous calcium carbonate precursor phase in sea urchin
embryos. Adv Funct Mater 16:1289–1298
Politi Y, Metzler RA, Abrecht M, Gilbert B, Wilt FH, Sagi I, Addadi L, Weiner S, Gilbert PUPA
(2008) Transformation mechanism of amorphous calcium carbonate into calcite in the sea
urchin larval spicule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17362–17366
Radha AV, Forbes TZ, Killian CE, Gilbert PUPA, Navrotsky A (2010) Transformation and
crystallization energetics of synthetic and biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate. Procs Natl
Acad Sci USA 107:16438–16443
Raup DM (1966) The endoskeleton. In: Boolootian RA (ed) Physiology of echinodermata. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 379–395
Robach JS, Stock SR, Veis A (2009) Structure of first-and second-stage mineralized elements in
teeth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J Struct Biol 168:452–466
Seto J, Zhang Y, Hamilton P, Wilt F (2004) The localization of occluded matrix proteins in
calcareous spicules of sea urchin larvae. J Struct Biol 148:123–130
222
P.U.P.A Gilbert and F.H. Wilt