Rocky intertidal shores (Continued )
larval stage, 509
physiological stress, 508
temporal processes action, 509
wave action, 508
Rocky shore, 511
S
Sado River Estuary, Portugal, 147
Sagittaria sp., 740
Salicornia, 740
Salt marsh accretion, 513–515
CO 2 increase, 514
flooding/sea-level rise, 514
suspended solids, 513
vegetation, 513–514
Saltmarshes, 515–530
algae, 523
conservation and management, 530
creeks and pans, 519
environment, 519–521
estuaries, variation within, 517
fauna, 524–525
global variation, 516–517
humans and, 528–529
invasive species, 527–528
invertebrates, 525–526
marshes, variation within, 517–518
microorganisms, 523
terrestrial vertebrates, 526–527
threats, 529
values, 530
vascular plants, 522–523
Salvinia molesta, 739
Sandbanks, 286, 537
Sand-dominated delta, 184
Sandflat, 538
Sand mining/beach sand mining, 535–536
Sand ridge, 58, 295, 297, 536–537
San Sebastián Bay, 116
Sao Francisco delta (Brazil), 120
Sarcocornia, 211
Scalea beach
bed load transport, 133
hydrodynamic coastal field, 132
Scenario analysis, 218, 220
Science and management knowledge (SMK), 165
Scientific management, 1
Seabirds, 440, 538–541
breeding habitat, 539
foraging, 539–540
life history of, 538–539
migration and overwintering, 540
threats to, 540–541
Sea caves, 373, 376
Seagrass
and earthquake disturbances, 210
production models, 542–544
Sea lettuce. See Enteromorpha prolifera
Sea level
changes and coastal wetlands, 545–547
fluctuations of, 296–297
Sea-level rise (SLR), 125, 596–597
Sea-level trend, 114
Seawalls, 131–132, 134–135, 212, 510, 554, 578, 597, 600
Secchi disk, 549, 728–729
Secondary dune, 549–550
Sedimentary structures, 55, 64, 66–67, 71, 114, 169, 183, 286, 341,
566–571, 628–629, 632–633
Sediment bedload, side-scan sonar imaging, 602–604
Sediment budgets, 550–553
Sediment compaction, 33, 114, 211, 421, 553, 696
Sediment entrainment, 562–563, 567
Sediment erosion, 247, 308, 460, 554, 736
Sediment grain size, 131, 136, 286, 483, 552, 555–558, 613, 666
estuarine sediments, 555–557
textural sensitiveness, 557
Sediment processes, 123–125, 142, 280, 384
Sediment resuspension, 558–560. See also Wave-driven sediment
resuspension
Sediment sorting, 560–561
Sediment supply, 33, 49–50, 52–53, 117, 131, 144, 149–151, 153–154,
156, 290, 292–294, 297, 391, 530, 547, 590–591, 593–594, 596–597,
600, 610, 649–650, 658, 669
Sediment toxicity, 418, 561
Sediment transport, 50, 125, 131, 134, 144, 153, 179, 182, 208, 245, 286,
289, 303, 327, 454, 518, 537, 547, 551–553, 562–567, 591, 593,
595–596, 600, 602, 605, 625, 706, 713
bed-load transport, 563–564
sedimentary structures, 566
settling velocity, 564–566
Seiches, 572, 702
Selenga River, 176
Sensitivity analysis, 220
Sequoia sp., 740
Serrasalmus nattereri, 740
Sesarma reticulatum., 448
Shallow-water tides, 702
Shannon-Weaver diversity index, 572
Shear strength, 423
Shell beds, 573
Shellfish production, 573–577
Shell-forming processes, 441
Shingle beach, 147–150
Shorebirds, 364–365, 526, 585–588, 685
breeding, 585–586
foraging, 586
migration and overwintering, 586
threats and conservation, 586–588
Shoreline, 589
Shoreline changes, 590–600
analysis and calculation, 598–599
classification, 591
end-point rate (EPR), 599
jackknife method, 599
by natural processes, 594–597
by physical forcing, 591–593
Shoreline undulations, 602
Shore protection, 578–584
defensive method, 578
design elements, 582–584
offensive methods, 579–582
Side-scan sonar imaging, of sediment bedload, 602–604
Silicon (Si), 389, 464–465
Simulation analysis, 216, 220
Simulation model, 220
Site(s) of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 339
Skill assessment, 220
SLR. See Sea-level rise (SLR)
Small-footprint ALTM systems, 6
SMK. See Science and management knowledge (SMK)
Soft computing, 605
Soft sediment communities, 606
Soft stabilization method, 136–137
Soldier crabs (mictyridae), 606–611
behavior and life cycle, 607
in estuaries, 609–611
habitat requirements, 607
species, 608
Soluble rocks, 373
Sonneratia, 494
Spartina, 513, 517, 527, 740
S. alterniflora, 364–366, 448, 525
Spatial replication, 224
Spatial resolution, 220
Species diversity, 32, 209–212, 330, 347–348, 360, 379, 458, 517
758
SUBJECT INDEX
larval stage, 509
physiological stress, 508
temporal processes action, 509
wave action, 508
Rocky shore, 511
S
Sado River Estuary, Portugal, 147
Sagittaria sp., 740
Salicornia, 740
Salt marsh accretion, 513–515
CO 2 increase, 514
flooding/sea-level rise, 514
suspended solids, 513
vegetation, 513–514
Saltmarshes, 515–530
algae, 523
conservation and management, 530
creeks and pans, 519
environment, 519–521
estuaries, variation within, 517
fauna, 524–525
global variation, 516–517
humans and, 528–529
invasive species, 527–528
invertebrates, 525–526
marshes, variation within, 517–518
microorganisms, 523
terrestrial vertebrates, 526–527
threats, 529
values, 530
vascular plants, 522–523
Salvinia molesta, 739
Sandbanks, 286, 537
Sand-dominated delta, 184
Sandflat, 538
Sand mining/beach sand mining, 535–536
Sand ridge, 58, 295, 297, 536–537
San Sebastián Bay, 116
Sao Francisco delta (Brazil), 120
Sarcocornia, 211
Scalea beach
bed load transport, 133
hydrodynamic coastal field, 132
Scenario analysis, 218, 220
Science and management knowledge (SMK), 165
Scientific management, 1
Seabirds, 440, 538–541
breeding habitat, 539
foraging, 539–540
life history of, 538–539
migration and overwintering, 540
threats to, 540–541
Sea caves, 373, 376
Seagrass
and earthquake disturbances, 210
production models, 542–544
Sea lettuce. See Enteromorpha prolifera
Sea level
changes and coastal wetlands, 545–547
fluctuations of, 296–297
Sea-level rise (SLR), 125, 596–597
Sea-level trend, 114
Seawalls, 131–132, 134–135, 212, 510, 554, 578, 597, 600
Secchi disk, 549, 728–729
Secondary dune, 549–550
Sedimentary structures, 55, 64, 66–67, 71, 114, 169, 183, 286, 341,
566–571, 628–629, 632–633
Sediment bedload, side-scan sonar imaging, 602–604
Sediment budgets, 550–553
Sediment compaction, 33, 114, 211, 421, 553, 696
Sediment entrainment, 562–563, 567
Sediment erosion, 247, 308, 460, 554, 736
Sediment grain size, 131, 136, 286, 483, 552, 555–558, 613, 666
estuarine sediments, 555–557
textural sensitiveness, 557
Sediment processes, 123–125, 142, 280, 384
Sediment resuspension, 558–560. See also Wave-driven sediment
resuspension
Sediment sorting, 560–561
Sediment supply, 33, 49–50, 52–53, 117, 131, 144, 149–151, 153–154,
156, 290, 292–294, 297, 391, 530, 547, 590–591, 593–594, 596–597,
600, 610, 649–650, 658, 669
Sediment toxicity, 418, 561
Sediment transport, 50, 125, 131, 134, 144, 153, 179, 182, 208, 245, 286,
289, 303, 327, 454, 518, 537, 547, 551–553, 562–567, 591, 593,
595–596, 600, 602, 605, 625, 706, 713
bed-load transport, 563–564
sedimentary structures, 566
settling velocity, 564–566
Seiches, 572, 702
Selenga River, 176
Sensitivity analysis, 220
Sequoia sp., 740
Serrasalmus nattereri, 740
Sesarma reticulatum., 448
Shallow-water tides, 702
Shannon-Weaver diversity index, 572
Shear strength, 423
Shell beds, 573
Shellfish production, 573–577
Shell-forming processes, 441
Shingle beach, 147–150
Shorebirds, 364–365, 526, 585–588, 685
breeding, 585–586
foraging, 586
migration and overwintering, 586
threats and conservation, 586–588
Shoreline, 589
Shoreline changes, 590–600
analysis and calculation, 598–599
classification, 591
end-point rate (EPR), 599
jackknife method, 599
by natural processes, 594–597
by physical forcing, 591–593
Shoreline undulations, 602
Shore protection, 578–584
defensive method, 578
design elements, 582–584
offensive methods, 579–582
Side-scan sonar imaging, of sediment bedload, 602–604
Silicon (Si), 389, 464–465
Simulation analysis, 216, 220
Simulation model, 220
Site(s) of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 339
Skill assessment, 220
SLR. See Sea-level rise (SLR)
Small-footprint ALTM systems, 6
SMK. See Science and management knowledge (SMK)
Soft computing, 605
Soft sediment communities, 606
Soft stabilization method, 136–137
Soldier crabs (mictyridae), 606–611
behavior and life cycle, 607
in estuaries, 609–611
habitat requirements, 607
species, 608
Soluble rocks, 373
Sonneratia, 494
Spartina, 513, 517, 527, 740
S. alterniflora, 364–366, 448, 525
Spatial replication, 224
Spatial resolution, 220
Species diversity, 32, 209–212, 330, 347–348, 360, 379, 458, 517
758
SUBJECT INDEX