Species richness, 238, 275, 317, 347, 363, 365, 397, 399, 403, 418–419,
428, 430, 517, 529, 572, 612–613, 658
Species zonation, 613–621
broad-scale zonation, 619
environmental determinants, 614
finer-scale zonation, 619
inundation, 616–619
open-water salinity gradient, 614–615
pore-water salinity gradient, 615
substrate, 616
Sphacelaria, 387
Sphagnum, 477, 740
Spit, 149–151, 622
Godavari River, India, 151
Spring blooms, 7, 493
St. Lucia estuary, marine/freshwater mixing, 416
Standard run, 220
State variables, 220
Static equilibrium, 343
Static Equilibrium Bay (SEB) model, 353, 354
Static model, 220
Stochastic model, 220
Storm surges, 622–623, 702
Straight-crested ripples, 569
Strandflats, 151
Stratigraphy, 182–185
Stratigraphy of estuaries, 623–647
funnel-shaped estuary, 625
large-scale stratigraphic accretion, 635–644
sedimentary sources and pathways, 626, 627
small-scale local environment stratigraphy, 628–629
Structurally dominated estuary, 648–649
Structured decision making, 2, 235
Subaqueous soils, 649
Sublittoral zone, 649–650
Submerged coasts, 650
Submergent coasts, 591
Submergent shoreline, 651
Suboxic conditions, 501
Sulfate-reducing bacteria, 68, 439, 441, 443
Sulfur-based energy metabolism, 36
Sulfur (S), 462, 465
Sustainable use, 651–659
Swan-Canning Estuary, 267, 269
Swash marks, 568, 570–571
Symbiosis, 660
Syndepositional caves, 373
T
Tamarix, 528
Taxodium sp., 740
Tectonic eustasy, 661
TEK. See Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
Telogenetic carbonate rocks, 378–379
Temperate La Plata River Estuary, 318
Temporal replication, 225
Temporal resolution, 220
Thaleichthys pacificus, 303
Thermal biology, 661–663
Tidal and nontidal oscillations, 701–702
Tidal asymmetry, 664, 711
Tidal datum, 664–665
Tidal delta, 151–153
Tidal flat, 665–675
Tidal flat salinity gradient, 678–682
Tidal freshwater forested wetlands, 334–337
central American and Amazonian, 335
characteristic, 335
climate change impacts, 336
distributions of, 335
hydrology, 335–336
southeastern United States, 335
Tidal freshwater habitat, 683–685
Tidal hydrodynamics, 686–700
amplification of tides, 687–689
coriolis effects, 690
diurnal versus semidiurnal tides, 690–692
dramatic spatial variation, 697–698
nonlinear tidal interaction, 695–696
progressive tide waves, 687
standing tide waves, 687, 688
Tidal ranges, 702–704
Tidal ravinement surface (TRS), 290, 292, 294
Tidal reflection, 704–706
Tidal saltwater forested wetland
adaptations, 336
climate change impacts, 337
hydrology and community composition, 336–337
Tide-dominated estuaries, 79, 177, 273, 290–291, 294–295
Tides, 706–712
dynamic tidal theory, 710–711
equilibrium tidal theory, 708
harmonic analysis and tidal prediction, 708–710
tide-generating force, 706–708
Tie-backed bulkheads, 111
Time-dynamic mechanistic models, 221–222
Timescale, 712–713
Time step, 220
Tombolo, 151, 713–714
Om Beach, Gokarn, 152
Topographic systems, 5
Total ecosystem metabolism (TEM), 300–303
Toxic blooms, 714–716
Toxic dinoflagellates, microbial survivability, 434–435
Trace metals in estuaries, 717
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 165, 166
Traditional fisheries management, 166
Trophic dynamics, 718–719
Tropical estuaries, 69, 259, 299, 315, 317–318, 325, 360
Tsunamis, 702
Turbidity, 720
Tuross River, 176
Tychoplankton, 721
Typha sp., 740
T. domingensis, 739, 740
T. orientalis, 739
U
Ulva, 62, 387, 523, 715
Ulva prolifera. See Enteromorpha prolifera
Uplifted coasts, 723
US Clean Water Act, 274
V
Valdivia earthquake and tsunami, 208
Validation, 218, 220, 552
Vegetation planting, 352
Verification, 220
Vibrio cholerae, 435–436
Void ratio, 419, 423
Volcán Dam, 117
Vulnerability index (VI), 725
W
Walpole-Nornalup Inlet estuary, 182, 261, 266, 267, 269,
413–415
Washover fans, 44, 45, 727
Washovers, 727
Water clarity, 87–88, 94–95, 171, 549, 727–729
effects, 728
methods for measuring, 728–729
source, 728
Water content, 419–420, 422–423, 425–426, 462
Waterlogging, 396
Water quality, 363, 367, 470, 477, 480, 484, 493, 503, 542, 561, 576–577,
654, 704, 706, 720, 729–730
SUBJECT INDEX
759
428, 430, 517, 529, 572, 612–613, 658
Species zonation, 613–621
broad-scale zonation, 619
environmental determinants, 614
finer-scale zonation, 619
inundation, 616–619
open-water salinity gradient, 614–615
pore-water salinity gradient, 615
substrate, 616
Sphacelaria, 387
Sphagnum, 477, 740
Spit, 149–151, 622
Godavari River, India, 151
Spring blooms, 7, 493
St. Lucia estuary, marine/freshwater mixing, 416
Standard run, 220
State variables, 220
Static equilibrium, 343
Static Equilibrium Bay (SEB) model, 353, 354
Static model, 220
Stochastic model, 220
Storm surges, 622–623, 702
Straight-crested ripples, 569
Strandflats, 151
Stratigraphy, 182–185
Stratigraphy of estuaries, 623–647
funnel-shaped estuary, 625
large-scale stratigraphic accretion, 635–644
sedimentary sources and pathways, 626, 627
small-scale local environment stratigraphy, 628–629
Structurally dominated estuary, 648–649
Structured decision making, 2, 235
Subaqueous soils, 649
Sublittoral zone, 649–650
Submerged coasts, 650
Submergent coasts, 591
Submergent shoreline, 651
Suboxic conditions, 501
Sulfate-reducing bacteria, 68, 439, 441, 443
Sulfur-based energy metabolism, 36
Sulfur (S), 462, 465
Sustainable use, 651–659
Swan-Canning Estuary, 267, 269
Swash marks, 568, 570–571
Symbiosis, 660
Syndepositional caves, 373
T
Tamarix, 528
Taxodium sp., 740
Tectonic eustasy, 661
TEK. See Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
Telogenetic carbonate rocks, 378–379
Temperate La Plata River Estuary, 318
Temporal replication, 225
Temporal resolution, 220
Thaleichthys pacificus, 303
Thermal biology, 661–663
Tidal and nontidal oscillations, 701–702
Tidal asymmetry, 664, 711
Tidal datum, 664–665
Tidal delta, 151–153
Tidal flat, 665–675
Tidal flat salinity gradient, 678–682
Tidal freshwater forested wetlands, 334–337
central American and Amazonian, 335
characteristic, 335
climate change impacts, 336
distributions of, 335
hydrology, 335–336
southeastern United States, 335
Tidal freshwater habitat, 683–685
Tidal hydrodynamics, 686–700
amplification of tides, 687–689
coriolis effects, 690
diurnal versus semidiurnal tides, 690–692
dramatic spatial variation, 697–698
nonlinear tidal interaction, 695–696
progressive tide waves, 687
standing tide waves, 687, 688
Tidal ranges, 702–704
Tidal ravinement surface (TRS), 290, 292, 294
Tidal reflection, 704–706
Tidal saltwater forested wetland
adaptations, 336
climate change impacts, 337
hydrology and community composition, 336–337
Tide-dominated estuaries, 79, 177, 273, 290–291, 294–295
Tides, 706–712
dynamic tidal theory, 710–711
equilibrium tidal theory, 708
harmonic analysis and tidal prediction, 708–710
tide-generating force, 706–708
Tie-backed bulkheads, 111
Time-dynamic mechanistic models, 221–222
Timescale, 712–713
Time step, 220
Tombolo, 151, 713–714
Om Beach, Gokarn, 152
Topographic systems, 5
Total ecosystem metabolism (TEM), 300–303
Toxic blooms, 714–716
Toxic dinoflagellates, microbial survivability, 434–435
Trace metals in estuaries, 717
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 165, 166
Traditional fisheries management, 166
Trophic dynamics, 718–719
Tropical estuaries, 69, 259, 299, 315, 317–318, 325, 360
Tsunamis, 702
Turbidity, 720
Tuross River, 176
Tychoplankton, 721
Typha sp., 740
T. domingensis, 739, 740
T. orientalis, 739
U
Ulva, 62, 387, 523, 715
Ulva prolifera. See Enteromorpha prolifera
Uplifted coasts, 723
US Clean Water Act, 274
V
Valdivia earthquake and tsunami, 208
Validation, 218, 220, 552
Vegetation planting, 352
Verification, 220
Vibrio cholerae, 435–436
Void ratio, 419, 423
Volcán Dam, 117
Vulnerability index (VI), 725
W
Walpole-Nornalup Inlet estuary, 182, 261, 266, 267, 269,
413–415
Washover fans, 44, 45, 727
Washovers, 727
Water clarity, 87–88, 94–95, 171, 549, 727–729
effects, 728
methods for measuring, 728–729
source, 728
Water content, 419–420, 422–423, 425–426, 462
Waterlogging, 396
Water quality, 363, 367, 470, 477, 480, 484, 493, 503, 542, 561, 576–577,
654, 704, 706, 720, 729–730
SUBJECT INDEX
759