Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 8, 11
Parameterization, 220
Parameters, 12, 13–14, 50, 54, 77, 79, 153, 201, 219–220, 235, 241,
248–250, 254, 281–282, 286, 319, 322, 344, 351–352, 354–355,
419–420, 422–423, 428, 430–431, 453–454, 487, 543, 555–557,
561, 582, 692, 720, 730, 735
Paranaguá Estuary, 241
Paraná-Uruguay composite delta, 116
Parapeneopsis, 399
Participatory research, 475
Particulate organic carbon (POC), 401, 426, 428, 433
Passive approaches, 2
Pathogens, 14, 29, 33, 36, 142–143, 249, 462, 475–476, 521, 525
Paved-lining revetments, 136
PDCA cycle, 53–54
Peat, 418, 476–479
composition of, 477
environmental importance and climate change, 478–479
geographic distribution, 478
physicochemical characteristics of, 476–477
types, 477–478
uses, 478
Peel-Harvey Estuary, 182, 261, 268
Pemphis, 395
Penaeus, 399, 575
Perisesarma spp., 401
Permeability, 134, 418–419, 424–425, 485
Pfiesteria piscicada, 493
pH, 480–481
Phaeocystis globosa, 12
Pharmaceuticals, 481–482
consumption of, 481–482
in hospitals and households, 482
striking difference between, 482
therapeutic effect, 481
Phi scale, 483
Phormium tenax, 739
Phosphorus (P), 23, 465, 484
essential nutrient, 484
eutrophication, 484
forms, 484
sources, 484
Phragmites sp., 740
P. australis, 364, 526–527
Physiological mechanisms, 485–490
adaptation, 485–486
anaerobic metabolism, 488
behavioral mechanisms, 488–489
biological rhythms, 488–489
biomarkers uses, 489
contaminants effects, 489
growth and energetics, 488
heat stress, 486–487
hypoxia, 488
respiratory adaptations, 487
salinity and temperature, 486
survive aerial exposure ability, 487–488
Phytoplankton, 8–11, 14, 25, 32, 40, 85–86, 142, 170, 197–198,
214, 216–218, 221–222, 228, 301–302, 306–307, 328, 332,
356, 367, 389, 398–401, 433–434, 437–438, 447, 456,
464–466, 484, 491–493, 499, 543, 658, 671, 675, 699,
714–715, 728, 745
beneficial contributions, 492–493
colonial forms, 491
composition, 492
distribution patterns, 492
reproduction, 492
size, 492
trophic representation, 492
Phytoplankton blooms, 7, 12, 123, 307, 388, 493–494
Pisaster, 498
Planktonic HABs, 7, 9
Planting vegetation, 132–133, 137, 282
Pneumatophores, 494
POC. See Particulate organic carbon (POC)
Polar coastal wetlands, 161
Pollutants, 74
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 30–31, 495
Polysiphonia, 387
Pontederia sp., 740
Porosity, 378, 419, 423–425, 476, 479, 553
Position and orientation system (POS), 5
Potamocorbula amurensis, 367
Precautionary principle, 495–496
Predator–prey relationships, 496–499
bottom-up effects, 498–499
evolutionary aspects and plasticity, 498
predator avoidance techniques, 497–498
prey capture techniques, 496, 497
top-down effects, 498–499
trophic cascades, 499
trophic level, 496, 497
Preindustrial climate changes, 124
Preston River delta, 185
Primary producers, 9, 18, 169, 202, 214, 228–230, 301, 306, 331,
356–357, 389, 401, 464, 496, 663
Primary succession, 232
Prince William Sound, Alaska, 208
Prorocentrum minimum, 8
Protothaca staminea, 209
Prymnesium parvum, 8
Pseudocardium sachalinense, 207
Pseudomonas, 439
Pseudo-nitzschia, 10
Public trust rights, 499–500
coastal areas, 500
defense of, 499–500
Q
Quercus sp., 740
R
Radiocarbon dates, 117
Raised beaches, 149–150
Raphidophytes, 8
Redfield ratio, 228, 389, 464, 484
Redox conditions, 501
Red river delta, 175, 176
Red tides, 7, 14, 714
Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphologic Sites (RIGS), 339
Reproductive mode functional group, 318
Residence time, 3, 29, 32, 140, 142–143, 171, 305, 308, 329,
400, 502–503
Residual circulation, 503–504
Restore America’s Estuaries (RAE), 275
Revetments, 134–135, 504
Rhizophora, 740
R. apiculata, 399
R. mangle, 400
Rhodolith/maerl, 504–505
Rhomboid marks, 570–571
Ria, 295, 505–506
sediment composition in, 287
Rill marks, 568
Rio do Meio plains, 119
Rip-rap revetments, 136
River diversions, 100–101
River-dominated estuary, 507
River flow, 702
Riverine freshwater flowing, 179
Rocky coast estuaries, 295
Rocky intertidal shores, 507–510
boulder fields, 510
built habitats, 510
distributions and abundances of, 507–508
disturbances, 508
grazing and predation, 509
indirect interactions, 509
SUBJECT INDEX
757
Parameterization, 220
Parameters, 12, 13–14, 50, 54, 77, 79, 153, 201, 219–220, 235, 241,
248–250, 254, 281–282, 286, 319, 322, 344, 351–352, 354–355,
419–420, 422–423, 428, 430–431, 453–454, 487, 543, 555–557,
561, 582, 692, 720, 730, 735
Paranaguá Estuary, 241
Paraná-Uruguay composite delta, 116
Parapeneopsis, 399
Participatory research, 475
Particulate organic carbon (POC), 401, 426, 428, 433
Passive approaches, 2
Pathogens, 14, 29, 33, 36, 142–143, 249, 462, 475–476, 521, 525
Paved-lining revetments, 136
PDCA cycle, 53–54
Peat, 418, 476–479
composition of, 477
environmental importance and climate change, 478–479
geographic distribution, 478
physicochemical characteristics of, 476–477
types, 477–478
uses, 478
Peel-Harvey Estuary, 182, 261, 268
Pemphis, 395
Penaeus, 399, 575
Perisesarma spp., 401
Permeability, 134, 418–419, 424–425, 485
Pfiesteria piscicada, 493
pH, 480–481
Phaeocystis globosa, 12
Pharmaceuticals, 481–482
consumption of, 481–482
in hospitals and households, 482
striking difference between, 482
therapeutic effect, 481
Phi scale, 483
Phormium tenax, 739
Phosphorus (P), 23, 465, 484
essential nutrient, 484
eutrophication, 484
forms, 484
sources, 484
Phragmites sp., 740
P. australis, 364, 526–527
Physiological mechanisms, 485–490
adaptation, 485–486
anaerobic metabolism, 488
behavioral mechanisms, 488–489
biological rhythms, 488–489
biomarkers uses, 489
contaminants effects, 489
growth and energetics, 488
heat stress, 486–487
hypoxia, 488
respiratory adaptations, 487
salinity and temperature, 486
survive aerial exposure ability, 487–488
Phytoplankton, 8–11, 14, 25, 32, 40, 85–86, 142, 170, 197–198,
214, 216–218, 221–222, 228, 301–302, 306–307, 328, 332,
356, 367, 389, 398–401, 433–434, 437–438, 447, 456,
464–466, 484, 491–493, 499, 543, 658, 671, 675, 699,
714–715, 728, 745
beneficial contributions, 492–493
colonial forms, 491
composition, 492
distribution patterns, 492
reproduction, 492
size, 492
trophic representation, 492
Phytoplankton blooms, 7, 12, 123, 307, 388, 493–494
Pisaster, 498
Planktonic HABs, 7, 9
Planting vegetation, 132–133, 137, 282
Pneumatophores, 494
POC. See Particulate organic carbon (POC)
Polar coastal wetlands, 161
Pollutants, 74
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 30–31, 495
Polysiphonia, 387
Pontederia sp., 740
Porosity, 378, 419, 423–425, 476, 479, 553
Position and orientation system (POS), 5
Potamocorbula amurensis, 367
Precautionary principle, 495–496
Predator–prey relationships, 496–499
bottom-up effects, 498–499
evolutionary aspects and plasticity, 498
predator avoidance techniques, 497–498
prey capture techniques, 496, 497
top-down effects, 498–499
trophic cascades, 499
trophic level, 496, 497
Preindustrial climate changes, 124
Preston River delta, 185
Primary producers, 9, 18, 169, 202, 214, 228–230, 301, 306, 331,
356–357, 389, 401, 464, 496, 663
Primary succession, 232
Prince William Sound, Alaska, 208
Prorocentrum minimum, 8
Protothaca staminea, 209
Prymnesium parvum, 8
Pseudocardium sachalinense, 207
Pseudomonas, 439
Pseudo-nitzschia, 10
Public trust rights, 499–500
coastal areas, 500
defense of, 499–500
Q
Quercus sp., 740
R
Radiocarbon dates, 117
Raised beaches, 149–150
Raphidophytes, 8
Redfield ratio, 228, 389, 464, 484
Redox conditions, 501
Red river delta, 175, 176
Red tides, 7, 14, 714
Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphologic Sites (RIGS), 339
Reproductive mode functional group, 318
Residence time, 3, 29, 32, 140, 142–143, 171, 305, 308, 329,
400, 502–503
Residual circulation, 503–504
Restore America’s Estuaries (RAE), 275
Revetments, 134–135, 504
Rhizophora, 740
R. apiculata, 399
R. mangle, 400
Rhodolith/maerl, 504–505
Rhomboid marks, 570–571
Ria, 295, 505–506
sediment composition in, 287
Rill marks, 568
Rio do Meio plains, 119
Rip-rap revetments, 136
River diversions, 100–101
River-dominated estuary, 507
River flow, 702
Riverine freshwater flowing, 179
Rocky coast estuaries, 295
Rocky intertidal shores, 507–510
boulder fields, 510
built habitats, 510
distributions and abundances of, 507–508
disturbances, 508
grazing and predation, 509
indirect interactions, 509
SUBJECT INDEX
757