Anderson, F. E., 1980. The variation in suspended sediment and
water properties in the flood front traversing the tidal flat. Estuaries, 3, 28–37.
Bricker, J. D., Inagaki, S., and Monismith, S. G., 2005. Bed drag
coefficient variability under wind waves in a tidal estuary. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131(6), 497–508.
Carniello, L., Defina, A., Fagherazzi, S., and D’Alpaos, L., 2005.
A combined wind wave–tidal model for the Venice lagoon, Italy.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, F04007, doi:10.1029/
2004JF000232.
Christiansen, C., Volund, G., Lund-Hansen, L. C., and Bartholdy, J.,
2006. Wind influence on tidal flat sediment dynamics: field
investigations in the Ho Bugt, Danish Wadden Sea. Marine
Geology, 235(1/4), 75–86.
Christie, M. C., Dyer, K. R., and Turner, P., 1999. Sediment flux and
bed level measurements from a macro tidal mudflat. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 49, 667–688.
de Jonge, V. N., and van Beusekom, J. E., 1995. Wind- and tideinduced resuspension of sediment and microphytobenthos from
tidal flats in the Ems estuary. Limnology and Oceanography,
40, 766–778.
de Lange, W., and Healy, T. R., 1990. Wave spectra for a shallow
meso-tidal estuarine lagoon: Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research, 6(1), 189–199.
Dyer, K. R., Christie, M. C., Feates, N., Fennessy, M. J., Pejrup, M.,
and van der Lee, W., 2000. An investigation into processes
influencing the morphodynamics of an intertidal mudflat, the
Dollard estuary, the Netherlands: I. Hydrodynamics and
suspended sediment. Continental Shelf Research, 50(5),
607–625.
Green, M. O., 2011. Dynamics of very small waves and associated
sediment resuspension on an estuarine intertidal flat. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 93(4), 449–459.
Green, M. O., and Coco, G., 2007. Sediment transport on an estuarine intertidal flat: measurements and conceptual model of
waves, rainfall and exchanges with a tidal creek. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 72, 553–569.
Green, M. O., and MacDonald, I. T., 2001. Processes driving estuary infilling by marine sands on an embayed coast. Marine Geology, 178(1/4), 11–37.
Green, M.O., and Coco, G., 2014. Review of wave-driven sediment
resuspension and transport in estuaries. Reviews in Geophysics,
52, 77–117, doi:10.1002/2013RG000437.
Green, M. O., Black, K. P., and Amos, C. L., 1997. Control of estuarine sediment dynamics by interactions between currents and
waves at several scales. Marine Geology, 144, 97–116.
Janssen-Stelder, B., 2000. The effect of different hydrodynamic
conditions on the morphodynamics of a tidal mudflat in the
Dutch Wadden Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 20(12/13),
1461–1478.
Lambrechts, J., Humphrey, C., McKinna, L., Gourge, O., Fabricius,
K. E., Mehta, A. J., Lewis, S., and Wolanski, E., 2010. Importance of wave-induced bed liquefaction in the fine sediment budget of Cleveland Bay, Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 89(2), 154–162.
Le Hir, P., Roberts, W., Cazaillet, O., Christie, M., Bassoullet, P.,
and Bacher, C., 2000. Characterization of intertidal flat hydrodynamics. Continental Shelf Research, 20(12/13), 1433–1459.
McAnally, W. H., Friedrichs, C., Hamilton, D., Hayter, E.,
Shresthar, P., Rodriguez, H., Sheremet, A., and Teeter, A.,
2007. Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays, and lakes.
1. Present state of understanding on character and behavior.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133(1), 9–22.
Nowacki, D. J., and Ogston, A. S., 2012. Water and sediment transport of channel-flat systems in a mesotidal mudflat: Willapa Bay,
Washington. Continental Shelf Research, doi:10.1016/j.
csr.2012.07.019
Ralston, D. K., and Stacey, M. T., 2007. Tidal and meteorological
forcing of sediment transport in tributary mudflat channels. Continental Shelf Research, 27(10–11), 1510–1527.
Ruhl, C. A., Schoellhamer, D. H., Stumpf, R. P., and Lindsay, C. L.,
2001. Combined use of remote sensing and continuous monitoring to analyse the variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 53, 801–812.
Sanford, L. P., 1994. Wave-forced resuspension of Upper Chesapeake Bay muds. Estuaries, 17(1B), 148–165.
Schoellhamer, D. H., 1995. Sediment resuspension mechanisms in
Old Tampa Bay, Florida. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
40, 603–620.
Soulsby, R. L., Hamm, L., Klopmann, G., Myrhaug, D., Simons,
R. R., and Thomas, G. P., 1993. Wave–current interaction within
and outside the bottom boundary layer. Coastal Engineering, 21,
41–69.
Talke, S. A., and Stacey, M. T., 2003. The influence of oceanic swell
on flows over an estuarine intertidal mudflat in San Francisco
Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(3), 541–554.
Talke, S. A., and Stacey, M. T., 2008. Suspended sediment fluxes at
an intertidal flat: the shifting influence of wave, wind, tidal, and
freshwater forcing. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 710–725.
Uncles, R. J., and Stephens, J. A., 2010. Turbidity and sediment
transport in a muddy sub-estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, 87(2), 213–214.
Verney, R., Deloffre, J., Brun-Cottan, J.-C., and Lafite, R., 2007.
The effect of wave-induced turbulence on intertidal mudflats:
impact of boat traffic and wind. Continental Shelf Research,
27(5), 594–612.
Ward, L. G., Kemp, W. M., and Boynton, W. R., 1984. The influence of waves and seagrass communities on suspended particulates in an estuarine embayment. Marine Geology, 59, 85–103.
Wolanski, E., and Spagnol, S., 2003. Dynamics of the turbidity
maximum in King Sound, tropical Western Australia. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 56(5/6), 877–890.
Wright, L. D., Boon, J. D., Xu, J. P., and Kim, S. C., 1992. The
bottom boundary layer of the bay stem plains environment of
lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
35(1), 17–36.
Cross-references
Sediment Transport
Tidal Hydrodynamics
WELL-MIXED ESTUARY
Geórgenes H. Cavalcante
Institute of Atmospheric Science, Federal University of
Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
Definition
A well-mixed estuary is a system in which the water column is completely mixed, making the estuary vertically
homogeneous.
Description
Mixing is the process whereby a water parcel or water
mass is diluted by, or redistributed within, other water
masses. When the tidal range is very large (and
WELL-MIXED ESTUARY
737
water properties in the flood front traversing the tidal flat. Estuaries, 3, 28–37.
Bricker, J. D., Inagaki, S., and Monismith, S. G., 2005. Bed drag
coefficient variability under wind waves in a tidal estuary. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131(6), 497–508.
Carniello, L., Defina, A., Fagherazzi, S., and D’Alpaos, L., 2005.
A combined wind wave–tidal model for the Venice lagoon, Italy.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, F04007, doi:10.1029/
2004JF000232.
Christiansen, C., Volund, G., Lund-Hansen, L. C., and Bartholdy, J.,
2006. Wind influence on tidal flat sediment dynamics: field
investigations in the Ho Bugt, Danish Wadden Sea. Marine
Geology, 235(1/4), 75–86.
Christie, M. C., Dyer, K. R., and Turner, P., 1999. Sediment flux and
bed level measurements from a macro tidal mudflat. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 49, 667–688.
de Jonge, V. N., and van Beusekom, J. E., 1995. Wind- and tideinduced resuspension of sediment and microphytobenthos from
tidal flats in the Ems estuary. Limnology and Oceanography,
40, 766–778.
de Lange, W., and Healy, T. R., 1990. Wave spectra for a shallow
meso-tidal estuarine lagoon: Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research, 6(1), 189–199.
Dyer, K. R., Christie, M. C., Feates, N., Fennessy, M. J., Pejrup, M.,
and van der Lee, W., 2000. An investigation into processes
influencing the morphodynamics of an intertidal mudflat, the
Dollard estuary, the Netherlands: I. Hydrodynamics and
suspended sediment. Continental Shelf Research, 50(5),
607–625.
Green, M. O., 2011. Dynamics of very small waves and associated
sediment resuspension on an estuarine intertidal flat. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 93(4), 449–459.
Green, M. O., and Coco, G., 2007. Sediment transport on an estuarine intertidal flat: measurements and conceptual model of
waves, rainfall and exchanges with a tidal creek. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 72, 553–569.
Green, M. O., and MacDonald, I. T., 2001. Processes driving estuary infilling by marine sands on an embayed coast. Marine Geology, 178(1/4), 11–37.
Green, M.O., and Coco, G., 2014. Review of wave-driven sediment
resuspension and transport in estuaries. Reviews in Geophysics,
52, 77–117, doi:10.1002/2013RG000437.
Green, M. O., Black, K. P., and Amos, C. L., 1997. Control of estuarine sediment dynamics by interactions between currents and
waves at several scales. Marine Geology, 144, 97–116.
Janssen-Stelder, B., 2000. The effect of different hydrodynamic
conditions on the morphodynamics of a tidal mudflat in the
Dutch Wadden Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 20(12/13),
1461–1478.
Lambrechts, J., Humphrey, C., McKinna, L., Gourge, O., Fabricius,
K. E., Mehta, A. J., Lewis, S., and Wolanski, E., 2010. Importance of wave-induced bed liquefaction in the fine sediment budget of Cleveland Bay, Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 89(2), 154–162.
Le Hir, P., Roberts, W., Cazaillet, O., Christie, M., Bassoullet, P.,
and Bacher, C., 2000. Characterization of intertidal flat hydrodynamics. Continental Shelf Research, 20(12/13), 1433–1459.
McAnally, W. H., Friedrichs, C., Hamilton, D., Hayter, E.,
Shresthar, P., Rodriguez, H., Sheremet, A., and Teeter, A.,
2007. Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays, and lakes.
1. Present state of understanding on character and behavior.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133(1), 9–22.
Nowacki, D. J., and Ogston, A. S., 2012. Water and sediment transport of channel-flat systems in a mesotidal mudflat: Willapa Bay,
Washington. Continental Shelf Research, doi:10.1016/j.
csr.2012.07.019
Ralston, D. K., and Stacey, M. T., 2007. Tidal and meteorological
forcing of sediment transport in tributary mudflat channels. Continental Shelf Research, 27(10–11), 1510–1527.
Ruhl, C. A., Schoellhamer, D. H., Stumpf, R. P., and Lindsay, C. L.,
2001. Combined use of remote sensing and continuous monitoring to analyse the variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 53, 801–812.
Sanford, L. P., 1994. Wave-forced resuspension of Upper Chesapeake Bay muds. Estuaries, 17(1B), 148–165.
Schoellhamer, D. H., 1995. Sediment resuspension mechanisms in
Old Tampa Bay, Florida. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
40, 603–620.
Soulsby, R. L., Hamm, L., Klopmann, G., Myrhaug, D., Simons,
R. R., and Thomas, G. P., 1993. Wave–current interaction within
and outside the bottom boundary layer. Coastal Engineering, 21,
41–69.
Talke, S. A., and Stacey, M. T., 2003. The influence of oceanic swell
on flows over an estuarine intertidal mudflat in San Francisco
Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(3), 541–554.
Talke, S. A., and Stacey, M. T., 2008. Suspended sediment fluxes at
an intertidal flat: the shifting influence of wave, wind, tidal, and
freshwater forcing. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 710–725.
Uncles, R. J., and Stephens, J. A., 2010. Turbidity and sediment
transport in a muddy sub-estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, 87(2), 213–214.
Verney, R., Deloffre, J., Brun-Cottan, J.-C., and Lafite, R., 2007.
The effect of wave-induced turbulence on intertidal mudflats:
impact of boat traffic and wind. Continental Shelf Research,
27(5), 594–612.
Ward, L. G., Kemp, W. M., and Boynton, W. R., 1984. The influence of waves and seagrass communities on suspended particulates in an estuarine embayment. Marine Geology, 59, 85–103.
Wolanski, E., and Spagnol, S., 2003. Dynamics of the turbidity
maximum in King Sound, tropical Western Australia. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 56(5/6), 877–890.
Wright, L. D., Boon, J. D., Xu, J. P., and Kim, S. C., 1992. The
bottom boundary layer of the bay stem plains environment of
lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
35(1), 17–36.
Cross-references
Sediment Transport
Tidal Hydrodynamics
WELL-MIXED ESTUARY
Geórgenes H. Cavalcante
Institute of Atmospheric Science, Federal University of
Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
Definition
A well-mixed estuary is a system in which the water column is completely mixed, making the estuary vertically
homogeneous.
Description
Mixing is the process whereby a water parcel or water
mass is diluted by, or redistributed within, other water
masses. When the tidal range is very large (and
WELL-MIXED ESTUARY
737