Diaz, R. J., and Breitburg, D. L., 2009. The hypoxic environment. In
Richards, J. G., Farrell, A. P., and Brauner, C. J. (eds.), Fish
Physiology. Burlington: Academic Press, Vol. 27, pp. 1–23.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia
a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses
of benthic macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology.
Annual Review, 33, 245–303.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 2008. Spreading dead zones and
consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321, 926–929.
Diaz, R., Selman, M., and Chique, C., 2010. Global Eutrophic and
Hypoxic Coastal Systems. World Resources Institute. Eutrophication and Hypoxia: Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters.
http://www.wri.org/project/eutrophication.
Elmgren, R., 1989. Man’s impact on the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea
energy flows today and at the turn of the century. Ambio,
18, 326–332.
Escribano, R., Daneri, G., Farías, L., Gallardo, V. A., González, A.,
Gutiérrez, D., Lange, C. B., Morales, C., Pizarro, O., Ulloa, O.,
and Braun, M., 2004. Biological and chemical consequences of
the 1997–1998 El Niño in the Chilean coastal upwelling system:
a synthesis. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 51, 2389–2411.
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G.,
Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C.,
Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A.,
Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, I. C.,
Ramankutty, N., and Snyder, P. K., 2005. Global consequences
of land use. Science, 309, 570–574.
Fonselius, S. H., 1969. Hydrography of the Baltic deep basins III.
Gothenburg: Fishery Board of Sweden, pp. 1–97. Series
Hydrography Report No. 23.
Fry, F. E. J., 1971. The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Physiology of Fish. New York: Academic Press.
Fuenzalida, R., Schneider, W., Graces-Vargas, J., Bravo, L., and
Lange, C., 2009. Vertical and horizontal extension of the oxygen
minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea
Research Part II, 56, 992–1003.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W.,
Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P.,
Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M.,
Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vörösmarty,
C. J., 2004. Nitrogen cycles past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226.
Galloway, J. N., Leach, A. M., Bleeker, A., and Erisman, J. W.,
2013. A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen
cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,
368, 201–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0120
Gilbert, D., Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., and Zhang, J., 2009. Evidence for greater oxygen depletion rate declines in the coastal
ocean than in the open ocean. Biogeosciences Discussion,
6, 9127–9160.
Graham, J. B., 1990. Ecological, evolutionary, and physical factors
influencing aquatic animal respiration. American Zoologist,
30, 137–146.
Grantham, B. A., Chan, F., Nielsen, K. J., Fox, D. S., Barth, J. A.,
Huyer, A., Lubchenco, J., and Menge, B. A., 2004. Upwellingdriven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic
changes in the northeast Pacific. Nature, 429, 749–754.
Gutiérrez, D., Gallardo, V. A., Mayor, S., Neira, C., Vásquez, C.,
Sellanes, J., Rivas, M., Soto, A., Carrasco, F., and Baltazar, M.,
2000. Effects of dissolved oxygen and fresh organic matter on
the bioturbation potential of macrofauna in sublittoral sediments
off Central Chile during the 1997/1998 El Niño. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 202, 81–99.
Hamukuaya, H., O’Toole, M. J., and Woodhead, P. J. M., 1998.
Observations of severe hypoxia and offshore displacement of
cape hake over the Namibian shelf in 1994. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19, 57–59.
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and
Röhl, U., 2001. Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene. Science, 293, 1304–1308.
Helly, J. J., and Levin, L. A., 2004. Global distribution of naturally
occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea
Research Part I, 51, 1159–1168.
Howarth, R. W., and Marino, R., 2006. Nitrogen as the limiting
nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography,
51, 364–376.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A.,
Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R.,
Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes, T. P., Lange, C. B.,
Lenihan, H. S., Pandol, J. M., Peterson, C. H., Steneck, R. S.,
Tegner, M. J., and Warner, R. R., 2001. Historical overfishing
and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science,
293, 629–638.
Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Jensen, J. P., Havens, K. E.,
Anneville, O., Carvalho, L., Coveney, M. F., Deneke, R.,
Dokulil, M. T., Foy, B., Gerdeaux, D., Hampton, S. E., Hilt, S.,
Kangur, K., Köhler, J., Lammens, E. H. H. R., Lauridsen,
T. L., Manca, M., Miracle, M. R., Moss, B., Nõges, P.,
Persson, G., Phillips, G., Portielje, R., Romo, S.,
Schelske, C. L., Straile, D., Tatrai, I., Wille’n, E., and Winde,
M., 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading: an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1747–1771.
Jones, P. D., 2006. Water quality and fisheries in the Mersey estuary,
England: a historical perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin,
53, 144–154.
Jørgensen, B. B., 1980. Seasonal oxygen depletion in the bottom
waters of a Danish fjord and its effect on the benthic community.
Oikos, 34, 68–76.
Justić, D., Legović, T., and Rottini-Sandrini, L., 1987. Trends in
oxygen content 1911–1984 and occurrence of benthic mortality
in the northern Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25, 435–445.
Justić, D., Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E., 2001. Modeling the
impacts of decadal changes in riverine nutrient fluxes on coastal
eutrophication near the Mississippi River Delta. Ecological
Modelling, 152, 33–46.
Karlson, K., Rosenberg, R., and Bonsdorff, E., 2002. Temporal and
spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian and Baltic waters:
a review. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual Review,
40, 427–489.
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., and Gruber, N., 2010. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annual Review of Marine Science,
2, 199–229.
Kodama, K., Aoki, I., and Shimizu, M., 2002. Long-term changes in
the assemblage of demersal fishes and invertebrates in relation to
environmental variations in Tokyo Bay. Japan Fish Management Ecology, 9, 303–313.
Lim, H.-S., Diaz, R. J., Hong, J.-S., and Schaffner, L. C., 2006.
Hypoxia and benthic community recovery in Korean coastal
waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1517–1526.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H.,
Cooke, R. G., Kay, M. C., Kidwell, S. M., Kirby, M. X., Peterson, C. H., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2006. Depletion, degradation,
and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science,
312, 1806–1809.
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 2005. Ecosystems and
Human Well-being Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Madrid, V. M., Taylor, G. T., Scranton, M. I., and Chistoserdov, A. Y.,
2001. Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities in the anoxic zone of the Cariaco Basin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 1663–1674.
ANOXIA, HYPOXIA, AND DEAD ZONES
27
Richards, J. G., Farrell, A. P., and Brauner, C. J. (eds.), Fish
Physiology. Burlington: Academic Press, Vol. 27, pp. 1–23.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia
a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses
of benthic macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology.
Annual Review, 33, 245–303.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 2008. Spreading dead zones and
consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321, 926–929.
Diaz, R., Selman, M., and Chique, C., 2010. Global Eutrophic and
Hypoxic Coastal Systems. World Resources Institute. Eutrophication and Hypoxia: Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters.
http://www.wri.org/project/eutrophication.
Elmgren, R., 1989. Man’s impact on the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea
energy flows today and at the turn of the century. Ambio,
18, 326–332.
Escribano, R., Daneri, G., Farías, L., Gallardo, V. A., González, A.,
Gutiérrez, D., Lange, C. B., Morales, C., Pizarro, O., Ulloa, O.,
and Braun, M., 2004. Biological and chemical consequences of
the 1997–1998 El Niño in the Chilean coastal upwelling system:
a synthesis. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 51, 2389–2411.
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G.,
Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C.,
Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A.,
Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, I. C.,
Ramankutty, N., and Snyder, P. K., 2005. Global consequences
of land use. Science, 309, 570–574.
Fonselius, S. H., 1969. Hydrography of the Baltic deep basins III.
Gothenburg: Fishery Board of Sweden, pp. 1–97. Series
Hydrography Report No. 23.
Fry, F. E. J., 1971. The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Physiology of Fish. New York: Academic Press.
Fuenzalida, R., Schneider, W., Graces-Vargas, J., Bravo, L., and
Lange, C., 2009. Vertical and horizontal extension of the oxygen
minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea
Research Part II, 56, 992–1003.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W.,
Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P.,
Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M.,
Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vörösmarty,
C. J., 2004. Nitrogen cycles past, present, and future.
Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226.
Galloway, J. N., Leach, A. M., Bleeker, A., and Erisman, J. W.,
2013. A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen
cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,
368, 201–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0120
Gilbert, D., Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., and Zhang, J., 2009. Evidence for greater oxygen depletion rate declines in the coastal
ocean than in the open ocean. Biogeosciences Discussion,
6, 9127–9160.
Graham, J. B., 1990. Ecological, evolutionary, and physical factors
influencing aquatic animal respiration. American Zoologist,
30, 137–146.
Grantham, B. A., Chan, F., Nielsen, K. J., Fox, D. S., Barth, J. A.,
Huyer, A., Lubchenco, J., and Menge, B. A., 2004. Upwellingdriven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic
changes in the northeast Pacific. Nature, 429, 749–754.
Gutiérrez, D., Gallardo, V. A., Mayor, S., Neira, C., Vásquez, C.,
Sellanes, J., Rivas, M., Soto, A., Carrasco, F., and Baltazar, M.,
2000. Effects of dissolved oxygen and fresh organic matter on
the bioturbation potential of macrofauna in sublittoral sediments
off Central Chile during the 1997/1998 El Niño. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 202, 81–99.
Hamukuaya, H., O’Toole, M. J., and Woodhead, P. J. M., 1998.
Observations of severe hypoxia and offshore displacement of
cape hake over the Namibian shelf in 1994. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19, 57–59.
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and
Röhl, U., 2001. Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene. Science, 293, 1304–1308.
Helly, J. J., and Levin, L. A., 2004. Global distribution of naturally
occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea
Research Part I, 51, 1159–1168.
Howarth, R. W., and Marino, R., 2006. Nitrogen as the limiting
nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography,
51, 364–376.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A.,
Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R.,
Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes, T. P., Lange, C. B.,
Lenihan, H. S., Pandol, J. M., Peterson, C. H., Steneck, R. S.,
Tegner, M. J., and Warner, R. R., 2001. Historical overfishing
and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science,
293, 629–638.
Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Jensen, J. P., Havens, K. E.,
Anneville, O., Carvalho, L., Coveney, M. F., Deneke, R.,
Dokulil, M. T., Foy, B., Gerdeaux, D., Hampton, S. E., Hilt, S.,
Kangur, K., Köhler, J., Lammens, E. H. H. R., Lauridsen,
T. L., Manca, M., Miracle, M. R., Moss, B., Nõges, P.,
Persson, G., Phillips, G., Portielje, R., Romo, S.,
Schelske, C. L., Straile, D., Tatrai, I., Wille’n, E., and Winde,
M., 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading: an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1747–1771.
Jones, P. D., 2006. Water quality and fisheries in the Mersey estuary,
England: a historical perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin,
53, 144–154.
Jørgensen, B. B., 1980. Seasonal oxygen depletion in the bottom
waters of a Danish fjord and its effect on the benthic community.
Oikos, 34, 68–76.
Justić, D., Legović, T., and Rottini-Sandrini, L., 1987. Trends in
oxygen content 1911–1984 and occurrence of benthic mortality
in the northern Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25, 435–445.
Justić, D., Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E., 2001. Modeling the
impacts of decadal changes in riverine nutrient fluxes on coastal
eutrophication near the Mississippi River Delta. Ecological
Modelling, 152, 33–46.
Karlson, K., Rosenberg, R., and Bonsdorff, E., 2002. Temporal and
spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian and Baltic waters:
a review. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual Review,
40, 427–489.
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., and Gruber, N., 2010. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annual Review of Marine Science,
2, 199–229.
Kodama, K., Aoki, I., and Shimizu, M., 2002. Long-term changes in
the assemblage of demersal fishes and invertebrates in relation to
environmental variations in Tokyo Bay. Japan Fish Management Ecology, 9, 303–313.
Lim, H.-S., Diaz, R. J., Hong, J.-S., and Schaffner, L. C., 2006.
Hypoxia and benthic community recovery in Korean coastal
waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1517–1526.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H.,
Cooke, R. G., Kay, M. C., Kidwell, S. M., Kirby, M. X., Peterson, C. H., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2006. Depletion, degradation,
and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science,
312, 1806–1809.
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 2005. Ecosystems and
Human Well-being Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Madrid, V. M., Taylor, G. T., Scranton, M. I., and Chistoserdov, A. Y.,
2001. Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities in the anoxic zone of the Cariaco Basin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 1663–1674.
ANOXIA, HYPOXIA, AND DEAD ZONES
27