McQuatters-Gollop, A., Mee, L. D., Raitsos, D. E., and
Shapiro, G. I., 2008. Non-linearities, regime shifts and recovery:
the recent influence of climate on Black Sea chlorophyll. Journal
of Marine Systems, 74, 649–658.
Mee, L. D., 2001. Eutrophication in the Black Sea and a basin-wide
approach to its control. In von Bodungen, B., and Turner, R. K.
(eds.), Science and Integrated Coastal Management. Berlin,
Germany: Dahlem University Press, pp. 71–91.
Mee, L. D., 2006. Reviving dead zones. Scientific American,
80–85, Nov 06.
Middelburg, J., and Levin, L. A., 2009. Coastal hypoxia and
sediment biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences, 6, 1273–1293.
Mirza, F. B., and Gray, J. S., 1981. The fauna of benthic sediments
from the organically enriched Oslofjord, Norway. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 54, 181–207.
Monteiro, P., van der Plas, A., Melice, J.-L., and Florenchie, P.,
2008. Interannual hypoxia variability in a coastal upwelling system Ocean-shelf exchange, climate and ecosystem-state implications. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 55, 435–450.
Müller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Scranton, M.,
Bohrer, R., Taylor, G., Capelo, J., Astor, Y., Tappa, E.,
Ho, T. Y., and Walsh, J. J., 2001. Annual cycle of primary production in the Cariaco Basin: response to upwelling and implications for vertical export. Journal of Geophysical Research,
106, 4527–4542.
Müller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Astor, Y., Zhang, H.,
Luerssen, R., and Hu, C., 2004. Processes of coastal upwelling
and carbon flux in the Cariaco Basin. Deep-Sea Research Part
II, 51, 927–943.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Jayakumar, D. A., Narvekar, P. V., Naik, H.,
Sarma, V. V. S. S., D’Souza, W., Joseph, S., and George,
M. D., 2000. Increased marine production of N 2 O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature,
408, 346–349.
Newcombe, C. L., and Horne, W. A., 1938. Oxygen-poor waters of
the Chesapeake Bay. Science, 88, 80–81.
Nixon, S. W., 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition,
social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.
Nizzoli, D., Bartoli, M., Cooper, M., Welsh, D. T., Underwood,
G. J. C., and Viaroli, P., 2007. Implications for oxygen, nutrient
fluxes and denitrification rates during the early stage of sediment
colonisation by the polychaete Nereis spp. in four estuaries.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 75, 125–134.
Officer, C. B., Biggs, R. B., Taft, J. L., Cronin, L. E., Tyler, M. A.,
and Boynton, W. R., 1984. Chesapeake Bay anoxia: origin,
development, and significance. Science, 223, 22–27.
Oguz, T., 2005. Long-term impacts of anthropogenic forcing on the
Black Sea ecosystem. Oceanography, 18, 104–113.
Paulmier, A., and Ruiz-Pino, D., 2009. Oxygen minimum zones
(OMZs) in the modern ocean. Progress in Oceanography,
80, 113–128.
Prince, E. D., and Goodyear, C. P., 2006. Hypoxia-based habitat
compression of tropical pelagic fishes. Fisheries Oceanography,
15, 451–464.
Rabalais, N. N., 2004. Eutrophication. In Robinson, A. R., McCarthy, J., and Rothschild, B. J. (eds.), The Global Coastal Ocean
Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press. The Sea, Vol. 13, pp. 819–865.
Rabalais, N. N., and Gilbert, D., 2009. Distribution and consequences of hypoxia. In Urban, E. R., Sundby, B., MalanotteRizzoli, P., and Milello, J. (eds.), Watersheds, Bays, and
Bounded Seas: The Science and Management of Semi-Enclosed
Marine Systems. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 209–225.
Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E. (eds.), 2001. Coastal Hypoxia
Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. Coastal
and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, p. 454.
Rabalais, N. N., Harper, D. E., Jr., and Turner, R. E., 2001.
Responses of nekton and demersal and benthic fauna to decreasing oxygen concentrations. In Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E.
(eds.), Coastal Hypoxia Consequences for Living Resources and
Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union, pp. 115–128.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Wiseman, W. J., 2002. Gulf of
Mexico hypoxia, aka the dead zone. Annual Review of Ecology
Systematics, 33, 235–263.
Rabalais, N. N., Diaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D.,
and Zhang, J., 2010. Dynamics and distribution of natural and
human-caused hypoxia. Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619.
Richards, F. A., 1965. Anoxic basins and fjords. In Riley, J. P., and
Skirrow, G. (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 1, pp. 611–645.
Sale, J. W., and Skinner, W. W., 1917. The vertical distribution of
dissolved oxygen and the precipitation of salt water in certain
tidal areas. Franklin Institute Journal, 184, 837–848.
Scavia, D., Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Justić, D., and Wiseman,
W. J., Jr., 2003. Predicting the response of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in Mississippi River nitrogen load. Limnology
and Oceanography, 48, 951–956.
Schindler, D. W., 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes.
Science, 195, 260–262.
Sen Gupta, B. K., Turner, R. E., and Rabalais, N. N., 1996. Seasonal
oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana:
historical record of benthic foraminifers. Geology, 24, 227–230.
Skei, J. M., 1983. Permanently anoxic marine basins: exchange
of substances across boundaries. Ecological Bulletins,
35, 419–429.
Smith, V. H., Joye, S. B., and Howarth, R. W., 2006. Eutrophication
of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 351–355.
Stoeck, T., Taylor, G. T., and Epstein, S. S., 2003. Novel eukaryotes
from the permanently anoxic Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea).
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5656–5663.
Stramma, L., Johnson, G. C., Sprintall, J., and Mohrholz, V., 2008.
Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science, 320, 655–658.
Stramma, L., Prince, E. D., Schmidtko, S., Luo, J., Hoolihan, J. P.,
Visbeck, M., Wallace, D. W. R., Brandt, P., and Körtzinger, A.,
2012. Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes. Nature Climate Change,
2, 33–37.
Sturdivant, S. K., Diaz, R. J., and Cutter, G. R., 2012. Bioturbation
in a declining oxygen environment, in situ observations from
Wormcam. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34539, doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0034539..
Taylor, G. T., Scranton, M. I., Iabichella, M., Ho, T.-Y., Thunell,
R. C., and Varela, R., 2001. Chemoautotrophy in the redox transition zone of the Cariaco Basin. A significant source of
midwater organic carbon production. Limnology and Oceanography, 46, 148–163.
Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D’Antonio, C., Dobson, A.,
Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W. H., Simberloff, D.,
and Swackhamer, D., 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven
global environmental change. Science, 292, 281–284.
Tolmazin, R., 1985. Changing coastal oceanography of the Black
Sea. I. Northwestern shelf. Progress in Oceanography,
15, 217–276.
Tomasko, D. A., Anastasiou, C., and Kovach, C., 2006. Dissolved
oxygen dynamics in Charlotte Harbor and its contributing watershed, in response to hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne –
impacts and recovery. Estuaries and Coasts, 29, 932–938.
Turner, R. E., Qureshi, N., Rabalais, N. N., Dortch, Q., Justić, D.,
Shaw, R. F., and Cope, J., 1998. Fluctuating silicate: nitrate ratios
and coastal plankton food webs. Proceedings of the National
28
ANOXIA, HYPOXIA, AND DEAD ZONES
Shapiro, G. I., 2008. Non-linearities, regime shifts and recovery:
the recent influence of climate on Black Sea chlorophyll. Journal
of Marine Systems, 74, 649–658.
Mee, L. D., 2001. Eutrophication in the Black Sea and a basin-wide
approach to its control. In von Bodungen, B., and Turner, R. K.
(eds.), Science and Integrated Coastal Management. Berlin,
Germany: Dahlem University Press, pp. 71–91.
Mee, L. D., 2006. Reviving dead zones. Scientific American,
80–85, Nov 06.
Middelburg, J., and Levin, L. A., 2009. Coastal hypoxia and
sediment biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences, 6, 1273–1293.
Mirza, F. B., and Gray, J. S., 1981. The fauna of benthic sediments
from the organically enriched Oslofjord, Norway. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 54, 181–207.
Monteiro, P., van der Plas, A., Melice, J.-L., and Florenchie, P.,
2008. Interannual hypoxia variability in a coastal upwelling system Ocean-shelf exchange, climate and ecosystem-state implications. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 55, 435–450.
Müller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Scranton, M.,
Bohrer, R., Taylor, G., Capelo, J., Astor, Y., Tappa, E.,
Ho, T. Y., and Walsh, J. J., 2001. Annual cycle of primary production in the Cariaco Basin: response to upwelling and implications for vertical export. Journal of Geophysical Research,
106, 4527–4542.
Müller-Karger, F. E., Varela, R., Thunell, R., Astor, Y., Zhang, H.,
Luerssen, R., and Hu, C., 2004. Processes of coastal upwelling
and carbon flux in the Cariaco Basin. Deep-Sea Research Part
II, 51, 927–943.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Jayakumar, D. A., Narvekar, P. V., Naik, H.,
Sarma, V. V. S. S., D’Souza, W., Joseph, S., and George,
M. D., 2000. Increased marine production of N 2 O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature,
408, 346–349.
Newcombe, C. L., and Horne, W. A., 1938. Oxygen-poor waters of
the Chesapeake Bay. Science, 88, 80–81.
Nixon, S. W., 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition,
social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.
Nizzoli, D., Bartoli, M., Cooper, M., Welsh, D. T., Underwood,
G. J. C., and Viaroli, P., 2007. Implications for oxygen, nutrient
fluxes and denitrification rates during the early stage of sediment
colonisation by the polychaete Nereis spp. in four estuaries.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 75, 125–134.
Officer, C. B., Biggs, R. B., Taft, J. L., Cronin, L. E., Tyler, M. A.,
and Boynton, W. R., 1984. Chesapeake Bay anoxia: origin,
development, and significance. Science, 223, 22–27.
Oguz, T., 2005. Long-term impacts of anthropogenic forcing on the
Black Sea ecosystem. Oceanography, 18, 104–113.
Paulmier, A., and Ruiz-Pino, D., 2009. Oxygen minimum zones
(OMZs) in the modern ocean. Progress in Oceanography,
80, 113–128.
Prince, E. D., and Goodyear, C. P., 2006. Hypoxia-based habitat
compression of tropical pelagic fishes. Fisheries Oceanography,
15, 451–464.
Rabalais, N. N., 2004. Eutrophication. In Robinson, A. R., McCarthy, J., and Rothschild, B. J. (eds.), The Global Coastal Ocean
Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press. The Sea, Vol. 13, pp. 819–865.
Rabalais, N. N., and Gilbert, D., 2009. Distribution and consequences of hypoxia. In Urban, E. R., Sundby, B., MalanotteRizzoli, P., and Milello, J. (eds.), Watersheds, Bays, and
Bounded Seas: The Science and Management of Semi-Enclosed
Marine Systems. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 209–225.
Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E. (eds.), 2001. Coastal Hypoxia
Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. Coastal
and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, p. 454.
Rabalais, N. N., Harper, D. E., Jr., and Turner, R. E., 2001.
Responses of nekton and demersal and benthic fauna to decreasing oxygen concentrations. In Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E.
(eds.), Coastal Hypoxia Consequences for Living Resources and
Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union, pp. 115–128.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Wiseman, W. J., 2002. Gulf of
Mexico hypoxia, aka the dead zone. Annual Review of Ecology
Systematics, 33, 235–263.
Rabalais, N. N., Diaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D.,
and Zhang, J., 2010. Dynamics and distribution of natural and
human-caused hypoxia. Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619.
Richards, F. A., 1965. Anoxic basins and fjords. In Riley, J. P., and
Skirrow, G. (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 1, pp. 611–645.
Sale, J. W., and Skinner, W. W., 1917. The vertical distribution of
dissolved oxygen and the precipitation of salt water in certain
tidal areas. Franklin Institute Journal, 184, 837–848.
Scavia, D., Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Justić, D., and Wiseman,
W. J., Jr., 2003. Predicting the response of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in Mississippi River nitrogen load. Limnology
and Oceanography, 48, 951–956.
Schindler, D. W., 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes.
Science, 195, 260–262.
Sen Gupta, B. K., Turner, R. E., and Rabalais, N. N., 1996. Seasonal
oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana:
historical record of benthic foraminifers. Geology, 24, 227–230.
Skei, J. M., 1983. Permanently anoxic marine basins: exchange
of substances across boundaries. Ecological Bulletins,
35, 419–429.
Smith, V. H., Joye, S. B., and Howarth, R. W., 2006. Eutrophication
of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 351–355.
Stoeck, T., Taylor, G. T., and Epstein, S. S., 2003. Novel eukaryotes
from the permanently anoxic Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea).
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5656–5663.
Stramma, L., Johnson, G. C., Sprintall, J., and Mohrholz, V., 2008.
Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science, 320, 655–658.
Stramma, L., Prince, E. D., Schmidtko, S., Luo, J., Hoolihan, J. P.,
Visbeck, M., Wallace, D. W. R., Brandt, P., and Körtzinger, A.,
2012. Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes. Nature Climate Change,
2, 33–37.
Sturdivant, S. K., Diaz, R. J., and Cutter, G. R., 2012. Bioturbation
in a declining oxygen environment, in situ observations from
Wormcam. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34539, doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0034539..
Taylor, G. T., Scranton, M. I., Iabichella, M., Ho, T.-Y., Thunell,
R. C., and Varela, R., 2001. Chemoautotrophy in the redox transition zone of the Cariaco Basin. A significant source of
midwater organic carbon production. Limnology and Oceanography, 46, 148–163.
Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D’Antonio, C., Dobson, A.,
Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W. H., Simberloff, D.,
and Swackhamer, D., 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven
global environmental change. Science, 292, 281–284.
Tolmazin, R., 1985. Changing coastal oceanography of the Black
Sea. I. Northwestern shelf. Progress in Oceanography,
15, 217–276.
Tomasko, D. A., Anastasiou, C., and Kovach, C., 2006. Dissolved
oxygen dynamics in Charlotte Harbor and its contributing watershed, in response to hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne –
impacts and recovery. Estuaries and Coasts, 29, 932–938.
Turner, R. E., Qureshi, N., Rabalais, N. N., Dortch, Q., Justić, D.,
Shaw, R. F., and Cope, J., 1998. Fluctuating silicate: nitrate ratios
and coastal plankton food webs. Proceedings of the National
28
ANOXIA, HYPOXIA, AND DEAD ZONES