to verify and compare parameters for headland systems in
the future as sites continue to mature.
Bibliography
Bodge, K. R., 1998. Breakwater fill stabilization with tuned
structures: experience in the southeastern U.S.A. and Caribbean.
In Allsop, N. W. H. (ed.), Proceedings Coastline, Structures and
Breakwaters. International Conference of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, pp. 82–93.
Bodge, K. R., 2003. Design aspects of groins and jetties.
In Mohan, R., Magoon, O., Pirrello, M. (ed.), Advances in
Coastal Structure Design. American Society of Civil Engineers,
pp. 181–199.
Chasten, M. A., Roasti, J. D., and McCormick, J. W., 1993.
Engineering Design Guidance for Detached Breakwaters as
Shoreline Stabilization Structures. Technical Report CERC-9319. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways
Experiment Station.
Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM), 2000. Coastal Engineering
Manual. Vicksburg, MS: Veritech.
Douglass, S. L., and Pickel, B. H., 1999. The Tide Doesn’t Go Out
Anymore – The Effect of Bulkheads on Urban Bay Shorelines.
Mobile, AL: University of Alabama, Civil Engineering and
Marine Sciences Departments.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Thomas, G. R., and Li, J.–H., 1991.
Chesapeake Bay Shoreline Study: Headland Breakwaters and
Pocket Beaches for Shoreline Erosion Control. Special Report
in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 313.
Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
College of William & Mary.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R. 1991. Headland Breakwaters
in the Chesapeake Bay. In Proceedings, Coastal Zone’91. American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 2, pp. 1267–1281.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Gunn, J. R., and Reynolds, R. N., 1993.
Breakwater Design in the Chesapeake Bay: dealing with the
end effects. In Proceedings Coastal Zone’93. American Shore
and Beach Preservation Association/American Society of Civil
Engineers, pp. 27–41.
Hardaway, C. S., Gunn, J. R., and Reynolds, R. N., 1995. Headland
breakwater performance in Chesapeake Bay. In Proceedings of
the 1995 National Conference on Beach Preservation and
Technology, St. Petersburg, FL, pp. 365–382.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Byrne, R. J., 1999. Shoreline Management
in Chesapeake Bay. Special Report in Applied Marine Science
and Ocean Engineering No. 356. Gloucester Point, VA: Institute
of Marine Science, College of William & Mary.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 1999a. Chesapeake Bay:
Design, Installation, and Early Performance of Four (4) New
Headland Breakwater/Composite Systems. In Proceedings
Beach Preservation Technology 1998. Florida Shore and Beach
Preservation Association, pp. 1–18.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 1999b. Chesapeake Bay:
design and early performance of three headland breakwater
systems. In Proceedings Coastal Sediments ‘99. American
Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 828–843.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2002. Shoreline protection:
design guidelines for pocket beaches in Chesapeake Bay,
USA. In Proceedings Carbonate Beaches 2000. American
Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 126–139.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2010. Design and
performance of Headland Bays in Chesapeake Bay, USA.
Coastal Engineering, 57, 203–212.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2011. A brief history of
headland breakwaters for shore protection in Chesapeake Bay,
USA. Shore & Beach, 79(1), 26–34.
Hsu, J. R. C., Silvester, R., and Xia, Y. M., 1989. Generalities on
static equilibrium bays: new relationships. Journal of Waterway,
Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 115(3), 285–298.
Silvester, R., and Hsu, J. R. C., 1993. Coastal Engineering,
Innovative Concepts. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Suh, K. D., and Dalrymple, R. A., 1987. Offshore breakwaters in
laboratory and field. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and
Ocean Engineering, 113(2), 105–121.
Cross-references
Coastal Erosion Control
Shore Protection
Tombolo
HEAVY MINERALS
Ilya V. Buynevich
Department of Earth and Environmental Science,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Definition
Heavy minerals refer to minerals with density >2.9 g/cm
3
.
Description
In addition to their use as sediment source (provenance)
indicators, heavy minerals (garnet, magnetite, ilmenite,
tourmaline, zircon, hornblende, etc.) provide important
information about hydrodynamic conditions responsible
for erosion and deposition of estuarine sediments
(Komar, 2007). Increases in transport energy due to
floods, storms, or tsunamis often generate diagnostic
heavy-mineral
concentrations
(HMCs)
through
a combination of selective sorting factors that result from
differences between the light (quartz, feldspar, muscovite,
calcite) and heavy-mineral fraction (Figure 1).
On shorter timescales, tidal flow regime and wavegenerated flows may produce localized enrichment in
heavy-mineral components. Estuarine bedforms, such as
two- and three-dimensional ripples and megaripples,
may cause preferential accumulation of denser minerals
along their crests. In some regions of tidal channels,
estuarine beaches, and adjacent dune fields, prolonged
selective sorting may result in economically viable
concentrations (placers). HMCs containing magnetite
provide distinct magnetic susceptibility signatures in estuarine sequences making them valuable event indicators.
When analyzing siliciclastic estuarine deposits, HMC
thickness, concentration factor, granulometry, and spatial
distribution should provide valuable information about
past estuarine dynamics.
HEAVY MINERALS
355
the future as sites continue to mature.
Bibliography
Bodge, K. R., 1998. Breakwater fill stabilization with tuned
structures: experience in the southeastern U.S.A. and Caribbean.
In Allsop, N. W. H. (ed.), Proceedings Coastline, Structures and
Breakwaters. International Conference of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, pp. 82–93.
Bodge, K. R., 2003. Design aspects of groins and jetties.
In Mohan, R., Magoon, O., Pirrello, M. (ed.), Advances in
Coastal Structure Design. American Society of Civil Engineers,
pp. 181–199.
Chasten, M. A., Roasti, J. D., and McCormick, J. W., 1993.
Engineering Design Guidance for Detached Breakwaters as
Shoreline Stabilization Structures. Technical Report CERC-9319. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways
Experiment Station.
Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM), 2000. Coastal Engineering
Manual. Vicksburg, MS: Veritech.
Douglass, S. L., and Pickel, B. H., 1999. The Tide Doesn’t Go Out
Anymore – The Effect of Bulkheads on Urban Bay Shorelines.
Mobile, AL: University of Alabama, Civil Engineering and
Marine Sciences Departments.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Thomas, G. R., and Li, J.–H., 1991.
Chesapeake Bay Shoreline Study: Headland Breakwaters and
Pocket Beaches for Shoreline Erosion Control. Special Report
in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 313.
Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
College of William & Mary.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R. 1991. Headland Breakwaters
in the Chesapeake Bay. In Proceedings, Coastal Zone’91. American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 2, pp. 1267–1281.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Gunn, J. R., and Reynolds, R. N., 1993.
Breakwater Design in the Chesapeake Bay: dealing with the
end effects. In Proceedings Coastal Zone’93. American Shore
and Beach Preservation Association/American Society of Civil
Engineers, pp. 27–41.
Hardaway, C. S., Gunn, J. R., and Reynolds, R. N., 1995. Headland
breakwater performance in Chesapeake Bay. In Proceedings of
the 1995 National Conference on Beach Preservation and
Technology, St. Petersburg, FL, pp. 365–382.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Byrne, R. J., 1999. Shoreline Management
in Chesapeake Bay. Special Report in Applied Marine Science
and Ocean Engineering No. 356. Gloucester Point, VA: Institute
of Marine Science, College of William & Mary.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 1999a. Chesapeake Bay:
Design, Installation, and Early Performance of Four (4) New
Headland Breakwater/Composite Systems. In Proceedings
Beach Preservation Technology 1998. Florida Shore and Beach
Preservation Association, pp. 1–18.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 1999b. Chesapeake Bay:
design and early performance of three headland breakwater
systems. In Proceedings Coastal Sediments ‘99. American
Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 828–843.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2002. Shoreline protection:
design guidelines for pocket beaches in Chesapeake Bay,
USA. In Proceedings Carbonate Beaches 2000. American
Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 126–139.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2010. Design and
performance of Headland Bays in Chesapeake Bay, USA.
Coastal Engineering, 57, 203–212.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2011. A brief history of
headland breakwaters for shore protection in Chesapeake Bay,
USA. Shore & Beach, 79(1), 26–34.
Hsu, J. R. C., Silvester, R., and Xia, Y. M., 1989. Generalities on
static equilibrium bays: new relationships. Journal of Waterway,
Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 115(3), 285–298.
Silvester, R., and Hsu, J. R. C., 1993. Coastal Engineering,
Innovative Concepts. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Suh, K. D., and Dalrymple, R. A., 1987. Offshore breakwaters in
laboratory and field. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and
Ocean Engineering, 113(2), 105–121.
Cross-references
Coastal Erosion Control
Shore Protection
Tombolo
HEAVY MINERALS
Ilya V. Buynevich
Department of Earth and Environmental Science,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Definition
Heavy minerals refer to minerals with density >2.9 g/cm
3
.
Description
In addition to their use as sediment source (provenance)
indicators, heavy minerals (garnet, magnetite, ilmenite,
tourmaline, zircon, hornblende, etc.) provide important
information about hydrodynamic conditions responsible
for erosion and deposition of estuarine sediments
(Komar, 2007). Increases in transport energy due to
floods, storms, or tsunamis often generate diagnostic
heavy-mineral
concentrations
(HMCs)
through
a combination of selective sorting factors that result from
differences between the light (quartz, feldspar, muscovite,
calcite) and heavy-mineral fraction (Figure 1).
On shorter timescales, tidal flow regime and wavegenerated flows may produce localized enrichment in
heavy-mineral components. Estuarine bedforms, such as
two- and three-dimensional ripples and megaripples,
may cause preferential accumulation of denser minerals
along their crests. In some regions of tidal channels,
estuarine beaches, and adjacent dune fields, prolonged
selective sorting may result in economically viable
concentrations (placers). HMCs containing magnetite
provide distinct magnetic susceptibility signatures in estuarine sequences making them valuable event indicators.
When analyzing siliciclastic estuarine deposits, HMC
thickness, concentration factor, granulometry, and spatial
distribution should provide valuable information about
past estuarine dynamics.
HEAVY MINERALS
355