coastal, lagoonal ecosystems: the Neuse and New River estuaries, North Carolina, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, doi:10.1007/
s12237-013-9686-0.
Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., McCulloch, M. T., Marshall, J. F., Gagan,
M. K., Lough, J. M., and Opdyke, B. N., 2005. Preindustrial to
modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science, 309,
2204–2207.
Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., and Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2010. Paleoperspectives on ocean acidification. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 25, 332–344.
Peltier, W. R., and Fairbanks, R. G., 2006. Global glacial ice
volume and last glacial maximum duration from an extended
Barbados sea level record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25,
3322–3337.
Pershing, A. J., Greene, C. H., Jossi, J. W., O’Brien, L., Brodziak,
J. K. T., and Bailey, B. A., 2005. Interdecadal variability in the
Gulf of Maine zooplankton community, with potential impacts
on fish recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62,
1511–1523.
Prasad, M., Sapiano, M., Anderson, C., Long, W., and Murtugudde,
R., 2010. Long-term variability of nutrients and chlorophyll in
the Chesapeake Bay: a retrospective analysis, 1985–2008. Estuaries and Coasts, 33, 1128–1143.
Przeslawski, R., Falkner, I., Ashcroft, M. B., and Hutchings, P.,
2012. Using rigorous selection criteria to investigate marine
range shifts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 113,
205–212.
Rebolledo, L., Sepúlveda, J., Lange, C. B., Pantoja, S., Bertrand, S.,
Hughen, K., and Figueroa, D., 2008. Late Holocene marine productivity changes in northern Patagonia-Chile inferred from a -
multi-proxy analysis of Jacaf channel sediments. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 80, 314–322.
Ries, J., Cohen, A. L., and McCorkle, D. C., 2009. Marine calcifiers
exhibit mixed responses to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification.
Geology, 37, 1131–1134.
Rose, J. B., Epstein, P. R., Lipp, E. K., Sherman, B. H., Bernard,
S. M., and Patz, J. A., 2001. Climate variability and change in
the United States: potential impacts on water and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 109, 211–221.
Saenger, C., Cronin, T. M., Thunell, R., and Vann, C., 2006. Modeling river discharge and precipitation from estuarine salinity in
the northern Chesapeake Bay: application to Holocene
paleoclimate. The Holocene, 16, 1–11.
Saenger, C., Cronin, T. M., Willard, D., Halka, J., and Kerhin, R.,
2008. Increased terrestrial to ocean sediment fluxes in the northern Chesapeake Bay with twentieth century land alteration. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 492–500.
Schmidt, N., Lipp, E. K., Rose, J. B., and Luther, M., 2001. Analysis of ENSO related trends in Florida precipitation and
streamflow. Journal of Climate, 14, 615–628.
Schubel, J. R., and Pritchard, D. W., 1986. Responses of upper
Chesapeake Bay to variations in discharge of the Susquehanna
River. Estuaries, 9, 236–249.
Stahle, D. W., Cleaveland, M. K., Blanton, D. B., Therrell, M. D.,
and Gay, D. A., 1998. The lost colony and Jamestown drought.
Science, 280, 564–567.
Swart, P. K., Dodge, R. E., and Hudson, H. J., 1996. A 240-year stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record in a coral from South Florida: implications for the prediction of precipitation in southern
Florida. Palaios, 11, 362–375.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., Kettner, A. J., and Green, P.,
2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to
the global coastal ocean. Science, 308, 376–380.
Szczucinski, W., Zajaczkowski, M., and Scholten, J., 2009.
Sediment accumulation rates in subpolar fjords – impact of
post-Little Ice Age glaciers retreat, Billefjorden, Svalbard. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85, 345–356.
Talmage, S. C., and Gobler, C. J., 2009. The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops
(Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea
virginica). Limnology and Oceanography, 54, 2072–2080.
Tamisiea, M. E., and Mitrovica, J. X., 2011. The moving boundaries
of sea level change: understanding the origins of geographic variability. Oceanography, 24, 24–39.
Uncles, R. J., Stephens, J. A., and Law, D. J., 2006. Turbidity maximum in the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber Estuary, UK:
Flocs, fluid mud, stationary suspensions and tidal bores. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67, 30–52.
Waldbusser, G. G., and Salisbury, J. E., 2014. Ocean acidification in
the coastal zone from an organism’s perspective: multiple system parameters, frequency domains, and habitats. Annual
Reviews in Marine Science, 6, 11.1–11.27.
Waldbusser, G. G., Voigt, E. P., Bergschneider, H., Green, M. A.,
and Newell, R. I. E., 2011. Biocalcification in the Eastern Oyster
(Crassostrea virginica) in relation to long-term trends in Chesapeake Bay pH. Estuaries and Coasts, 34, 221–231.
Willard, D. W., and Cronin, T. M., 2007. Paleoecology and ecosystem restoration: case studies from Chesapeake Bay and the Florida Everglades. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5,
491–498.
Willis, J. K., Chambers, D. P., Kuo, C.-Y., and Chum, C. K., 2010.
Global sea level rise. Oceanography, 23, 26–35.
Wittmann, A. C., and H.-O. Pörtner, 2013. Sensitivities of extant
animal taxa to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change,
3, 995–1001.
Xu, J., Long, W., Wiggert, J. D., Lanerolle, L. W. J., Brown, C. W.,
Murtugudde, R., and Hood, R. R., 2012. Climate forcing and
salinity variability in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Estuaries and
Coasts, 35, 237–261.
Cross-references
Barrier Island
Estuarine Circulation
Estuarine Geomorphology
Eutrophication
River-Dominated Estuary
Saltmarshes
Sediment Erosion
Sediment Transport
Shoreline Changes
Storm Surges
COASTAL BARRIERS
Patrick A. Hesp
School of the Environment, Flinders University,
Bedford Park, SA, Australia
Definition
A “coastal barrier” is a barrier that lies between a sea/lake/
lagoon and some landform or feature that is non-coastal or
at least more landward than the immediate modern or
Holocene coastal landform or group of landforms. It may
128
COASTAL BARRIERS
s12237-013-9686-0.
Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., McCulloch, M. T., Marshall, J. F., Gagan,
M. K., Lough, J. M., and Opdyke, B. N., 2005. Preindustrial to
modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science, 309,
2204–2207.
Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., and Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2010. Paleoperspectives on ocean acidification. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 25, 332–344.
Peltier, W. R., and Fairbanks, R. G., 2006. Global glacial ice
volume and last glacial maximum duration from an extended
Barbados sea level record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25,
3322–3337.
Pershing, A. J., Greene, C. H., Jossi, J. W., O’Brien, L., Brodziak,
J. K. T., and Bailey, B. A., 2005. Interdecadal variability in the
Gulf of Maine zooplankton community, with potential impacts
on fish recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62,
1511–1523.
Prasad, M., Sapiano, M., Anderson, C., Long, W., and Murtugudde,
R., 2010. Long-term variability of nutrients and chlorophyll in
the Chesapeake Bay: a retrospective analysis, 1985–2008. Estuaries and Coasts, 33, 1128–1143.
Przeslawski, R., Falkner, I., Ashcroft, M. B., and Hutchings, P.,
2012. Using rigorous selection criteria to investigate marine
range shifts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 113,
205–212.
Rebolledo, L., Sepúlveda, J., Lange, C. B., Pantoja, S., Bertrand, S.,
Hughen, K., and Figueroa, D., 2008. Late Holocene marine productivity changes in northern Patagonia-Chile inferred from a -
multi-proxy analysis of Jacaf channel sediments. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 80, 314–322.
Ries, J., Cohen, A. L., and McCorkle, D. C., 2009. Marine calcifiers
exhibit mixed responses to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification.
Geology, 37, 1131–1134.
Rose, J. B., Epstein, P. R., Lipp, E. K., Sherman, B. H., Bernard,
S. M., and Patz, J. A., 2001. Climate variability and change in
the United States: potential impacts on water and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 109, 211–221.
Saenger, C., Cronin, T. M., Thunell, R., and Vann, C., 2006. Modeling river discharge and precipitation from estuarine salinity in
the northern Chesapeake Bay: application to Holocene
paleoclimate. The Holocene, 16, 1–11.
Saenger, C., Cronin, T. M., Willard, D., Halka, J., and Kerhin, R.,
2008. Increased terrestrial to ocean sediment fluxes in the northern Chesapeake Bay with twentieth century land alteration. Estuaries and Coasts, 31, 492–500.
Schmidt, N., Lipp, E. K., Rose, J. B., and Luther, M., 2001. Analysis of ENSO related trends in Florida precipitation and
streamflow. Journal of Climate, 14, 615–628.
Schubel, J. R., and Pritchard, D. W., 1986. Responses of upper
Chesapeake Bay to variations in discharge of the Susquehanna
River. Estuaries, 9, 236–249.
Stahle, D. W., Cleaveland, M. K., Blanton, D. B., Therrell, M. D.,
and Gay, D. A., 1998. The lost colony and Jamestown drought.
Science, 280, 564–567.
Swart, P. K., Dodge, R. E., and Hudson, H. J., 1996. A 240-year stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record in a coral from South Florida: implications for the prediction of precipitation in southern
Florida. Palaios, 11, 362–375.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., Kettner, A. J., and Green, P.,
2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to
the global coastal ocean. Science, 308, 376–380.
Szczucinski, W., Zajaczkowski, M., and Scholten, J., 2009.
Sediment accumulation rates in subpolar fjords – impact of
post-Little Ice Age glaciers retreat, Billefjorden, Svalbard. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85, 345–356.
Talmage, S. C., and Gobler, C. J., 2009. The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops
(Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea
virginica). Limnology and Oceanography, 54, 2072–2080.
Tamisiea, M. E., and Mitrovica, J. X., 2011. The moving boundaries
of sea level change: understanding the origins of geographic variability. Oceanography, 24, 24–39.
Uncles, R. J., Stephens, J. A., and Law, D. J., 2006. Turbidity maximum in the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber Estuary, UK:
Flocs, fluid mud, stationary suspensions and tidal bores. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67, 30–52.
Waldbusser, G. G., and Salisbury, J. E., 2014. Ocean acidification in
the coastal zone from an organism’s perspective: multiple system parameters, frequency domains, and habitats. Annual
Reviews in Marine Science, 6, 11.1–11.27.
Waldbusser, G. G., Voigt, E. P., Bergschneider, H., Green, M. A.,
and Newell, R. I. E., 2011. Biocalcification in the Eastern Oyster
(Crassostrea virginica) in relation to long-term trends in Chesapeake Bay pH. Estuaries and Coasts, 34, 221–231.
Willard, D. W., and Cronin, T. M., 2007. Paleoecology and ecosystem restoration: case studies from Chesapeake Bay and the Florida Everglades. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5,
491–498.
Willis, J. K., Chambers, D. P., Kuo, C.-Y., and Chum, C. K., 2010.
Global sea level rise. Oceanography, 23, 26–35.
Wittmann, A. C., and H.-O. Pörtner, 2013. Sensitivities of extant
animal taxa to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change,
3, 995–1001.
Xu, J., Long, W., Wiggert, J. D., Lanerolle, L. W. J., Brown, C. W.,
Murtugudde, R., and Hood, R. R., 2012. Climate forcing and
salinity variability in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Estuaries and
Coasts, 35, 237–261.
Cross-references
Barrier Island
Estuarine Circulation
Estuarine Geomorphology
Eutrophication
River-Dominated Estuary
Saltmarshes
Sediment Erosion
Sediment Transport
Shoreline Changes
Storm Surges
COASTAL BARRIERS
Patrick A. Hesp
School of the Environment, Flinders University,
Bedford Park, SA, Australia
Definition
A “coastal barrier” is a barrier that lies between a sea/lake/
lagoon and some landform or feature that is non-coastal or
at least more landward than the immediate modern or
Holocene coastal landform or group of landforms. It may
128
COASTAL BARRIERS