conditions from Jamestown oysters. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 107, 10549–10554.
Helmuth, B., Harley, C. D. G., Halpin, P. M., Oandapos, D. M.,
Hofmann, G. E., and Blanchette, C. A., 2002. Climate change
and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science,
298, 1015–1017.
Hendriks, I. E., Duarte, C. M., and Álvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability
of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 157–164.
Hilton, T. W., Najjar, R. G., Zhong, L., and Li, M., 2008. Is there
a signal of sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay salinity? Journal
of Geophysical Research, 113, C09002.
Hoegh-Guldberg, Q. O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards,
A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto,
R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos,
M. E., 2007. Coral Reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hong, B., and Shen, J., 2012. Responses of estuarine salinity and
transport processes to potential future sea-level rise in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 104–105,
33–45.
Hönisch, B., Ridgewell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Gibbs,
S. J., Slujif, A., Zeebe, R., Kump, L., Martindale, R. C., Greene,
S. E., Kiessling, W., Ries, J., Zachos, J. C., Royer, D. L., Barker,
S., Marchitto, T. M., Jr., Moyer, R., Pelejero, C., Ziveri, P., Foster, G. L., and Williams, B., 2012. The geological record of
ocean acidification. Science, 335, 1058–1063.
Hostetler, S. W., Alder, J. R., and Allan, A. M., 2011. Dynamically
downscaled climate simulations over North America: methods,
evaluation, and supporting documentation for users. U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1238.
Howarth, R., Chan, F., Conley, D. J., Garnier, J., Doney, S. C.,
Marino, R., and Billen, G., 2011. Coupled biogeochemical
cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and
coastal marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 18–26.
IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to
advance climate change adaptation. In Field, C. B., Barros, V.,
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea,
M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M.,
and Midgley, P. M. (eds.), A Special Report of Working Groups
I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kemp, W. M., Testa, J. M., Conley, D. J., Gilbert, D., and Hagy,
J. D., 2009. Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient
loading and physical controls. Biogeosciences, 6, 2985–3008.
Knowles, N., and Cayan, D. R., 2002. Potential effects of global
warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the
San Francisco estuary. Geophysical Research Letters, 29,
38-1–38-4.
Konikow, L. J., 2011. Contribution of global groundwater depletion
since 1900 to sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 38,
L17401.
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R. N., and Singh, G. G., 2010.
Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters, 13, 1419–1434.
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L.,
Singh, G. S., Duarte, C. M., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2013. Impacts of
ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Global Change Biology, 19,
1884–1896.
Kucera, M., Rosell-Melé, A., Schneider, R., Waelbroeck, C., and
Weinelt, M., 2005. Multiproxy approach for the reconstruction
of the glacial ocean surface (MARGO). Quaternary Science
Reviews, 24, 813–819.
Kump, L. R., Bralower, T. J., and Ridgwell, A., 2009. Ocean acidification in deep time. Oceanography, 22, 94–107.
Kuwae, M., Okuda, N., Miyasaka, H., Omori, K., Takeoka, H., and
Sugimoto, T., 2007. Decadal- to centennial-scale variability of
sedimentary biogeochemical parameters in Kagoshima Bay,
Japan, associated with climate and watershed changes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 279–289.
Lafferty, K. D., 2009. The ecology of climate change and infectious
diseases. Ecology, 90, 888–900.
Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Garcia,
H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov,
D., Yarosh, E. S., and Zweng, M. M., 2012. World ocean heat
content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m)
1955–2010. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L10603.
Lipp, E. K., Schmidt, N., Luther, M. E., and Rose, J. B., 2001.
Determining the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Events
on coastal water quality. Estuaries, 24, 491–497.
Ma, Z., Xu, Z., and Zhou, J., 2009. Effect of global warming on the
distribution of Lucifer intermedius and L. hanseni (Decapoda) in
the Changjiang Estuary. Progress in Natural Science, 19,
1389–1395.
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., and Francis,
R. C., 1997. A Pacific Interdecadal climate oscillation with
impacts on salmon. Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 78, 1069–1079.
Milliman, J. D., and Farnsworth, K. L., 2011. River Discharge to the
Coastal Ocean – A Global Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Morand, S., Owers, K. A., Waret-Szkuta, A., McIntyre, K. M., and
Baylis, M., 2013. Climate variability and outbreaks of infectious
diseases in Europe. Nature Scientific Reports, 3, doi: 10.1038/
srep017714.
Murphy, R. R., Kemp, W. M., and Ball, W. P., 2011. Long-term
trends in Chesapeake Bay seasonal hypoxia, stratification, and
nutrient loading. Estuaries and Coasts, 34, 1293–1309.
Najjar, R., Patterson, L., and Graham, S., 2009. Climate simulations
of major estuarine watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region of the
US. Climatic Change, 95, 139–168.
Najjar, R. G., Pyke, C. R., Adams, M. B., Breitburg, D., Hershner,
C., Kemp, M., Howarth, R., Mulholland, M. R., Paolisso, M.,
Secor, D., Sellner, K., Wardrop, D., and Wood, R., 2010. Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 1–20.
Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R., Codignotto, J., Hay, J.,
McLean, R., Ragoonaden, S., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2007.
Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate Change 2007:
impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In Parry, M. L., Canziani,
O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., and Hanson, C. E.
(eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 315–356.
Nixon, S. W., Fulweiler, R. W., Buckley, B. A., Granger, S. L.,
Nowicki, B. L., and Henry, K. M., 2009. The impact of changing
climate on phenology, productivity, and benthic–pelagic coupling in Narragansett Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
82, 1–18.
Paerl, H. W., Bales, J. D., Ausley, L. W., Buzzelli, C. P., Crowder,
L. B., Eby, L. A., Fear, J. M., Go, M., Peierls, B. L., Richardson,
T. L., and Ramus, J. S., 2001. Ecosystem impacts of three
sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United
States’
largest lagoonal
estuary,
Pamlico
Sound,
NC. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 98,
5655–5660.
Paerl, H. W., Hall, N. S., Peierls, B. L., Rossignol, K. L., and Joyner,
A. R., 2013. Hydrologic variability and its control of phytoplankton community structure and function in two shallow,
CLIMATE CHANGE
127
Academy of Sciences, 107, 10549–10554.
Helmuth, B., Harley, C. D. G., Halpin, P. M., Oandapos, D. M.,
Hofmann, G. E., and Blanchette, C. A., 2002. Climate change
and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science,
298, 1015–1017.
Hendriks, I. E., Duarte, C. M., and Álvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability
of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 157–164.
Hilton, T. W., Najjar, R. G., Zhong, L., and Li, M., 2008. Is there
a signal of sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay salinity? Journal
of Geophysical Research, 113, C09002.
Hoegh-Guldberg, Q. O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards,
A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto,
R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos,
M. E., 2007. Coral Reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hong, B., and Shen, J., 2012. Responses of estuarine salinity and
transport processes to potential future sea-level rise in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 104–105,
33–45.
Hönisch, B., Ridgewell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Gibbs,
S. J., Slujif, A., Zeebe, R., Kump, L., Martindale, R. C., Greene,
S. E., Kiessling, W., Ries, J., Zachos, J. C., Royer, D. L., Barker,
S., Marchitto, T. M., Jr., Moyer, R., Pelejero, C., Ziveri, P., Foster, G. L., and Williams, B., 2012. The geological record of
ocean acidification. Science, 335, 1058–1063.
Hostetler, S. W., Alder, J. R., and Allan, A. M., 2011. Dynamically
downscaled climate simulations over North America: methods,
evaluation, and supporting documentation for users. U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1238.
Howarth, R., Chan, F., Conley, D. J., Garnier, J., Doney, S. C.,
Marino, R., and Billen, G., 2011. Coupled biogeochemical
cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and
coastal marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 18–26.
IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to
advance climate change adaptation. In Field, C. B., Barros, V.,
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea,
M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M.,
and Midgley, P. M. (eds.), A Special Report of Working Groups
I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kemp, W. M., Testa, J. M., Conley, D. J., Gilbert, D., and Hagy,
J. D., 2009. Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient
loading and physical controls. Biogeosciences, 6, 2985–3008.
Knowles, N., and Cayan, D. R., 2002. Potential effects of global
warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the
San Francisco estuary. Geophysical Research Letters, 29,
38-1–38-4.
Konikow, L. J., 2011. Contribution of global groundwater depletion
since 1900 to sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 38,
L17401.
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R. N., and Singh, G. G., 2010.
Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters, 13, 1419–1434.
Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L.,
Singh, G. S., Duarte, C. M., and Gattuso, J.-P., 2013. Impacts of
ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Global Change Biology, 19,
1884–1896.
Kucera, M., Rosell-Melé, A., Schneider, R., Waelbroeck, C., and
Weinelt, M., 2005. Multiproxy approach for the reconstruction
of the glacial ocean surface (MARGO). Quaternary Science
Reviews, 24, 813–819.
Kump, L. R., Bralower, T. J., and Ridgwell, A., 2009. Ocean acidification in deep time. Oceanography, 22, 94–107.
Kuwae, M., Okuda, N., Miyasaka, H., Omori, K., Takeoka, H., and
Sugimoto, T., 2007. Decadal- to centennial-scale variability of
sedimentary biogeochemical parameters in Kagoshima Bay,
Japan, associated with climate and watershed changes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 279–289.
Lafferty, K. D., 2009. The ecology of climate change and infectious
diseases. Ecology, 90, 888–900.
Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Garcia,
H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov,
D., Yarosh, E. S., and Zweng, M. M., 2012. World ocean heat
content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m)
1955–2010. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L10603.
Lipp, E. K., Schmidt, N., Luther, M. E., and Rose, J. B., 2001.
Determining the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Events
on coastal water quality. Estuaries, 24, 491–497.
Ma, Z., Xu, Z., and Zhou, J., 2009. Effect of global warming on the
distribution of Lucifer intermedius and L. hanseni (Decapoda) in
the Changjiang Estuary. Progress in Natural Science, 19,
1389–1395.
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., and Francis,
R. C., 1997. A Pacific Interdecadal climate oscillation with
impacts on salmon. Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 78, 1069–1079.
Milliman, J. D., and Farnsworth, K. L., 2011. River Discharge to the
Coastal Ocean – A Global Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Morand, S., Owers, K. A., Waret-Szkuta, A., McIntyre, K. M., and
Baylis, M., 2013. Climate variability and outbreaks of infectious
diseases in Europe. Nature Scientific Reports, 3, doi: 10.1038/
srep017714.
Murphy, R. R., Kemp, W. M., and Ball, W. P., 2011. Long-term
trends in Chesapeake Bay seasonal hypoxia, stratification, and
nutrient loading. Estuaries and Coasts, 34, 1293–1309.
Najjar, R., Patterson, L., and Graham, S., 2009. Climate simulations
of major estuarine watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region of the
US. Climatic Change, 95, 139–168.
Najjar, R. G., Pyke, C. R., Adams, M. B., Breitburg, D., Hershner,
C., Kemp, M., Howarth, R., Mulholland, M. R., Paolisso, M.,
Secor, D., Sellner, K., Wardrop, D., and Wood, R., 2010. Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 1–20.
Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R., Codignotto, J., Hay, J.,
McLean, R., Ragoonaden, S., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2007.
Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate Change 2007:
impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In Parry, M. L., Canziani,
O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden, P. J., and Hanson, C. E.
(eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 315–356.
Nixon, S. W., Fulweiler, R. W., Buckley, B. A., Granger, S. L.,
Nowicki, B. L., and Henry, K. M., 2009. The impact of changing
climate on phenology, productivity, and benthic–pelagic coupling in Narragansett Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
82, 1–18.
Paerl, H. W., Bales, J. D., Ausley, L. W., Buzzelli, C. P., Crowder,
L. B., Eby, L. A., Fear, J. M., Go, M., Peierls, B. L., Richardson,
T. L., and Ramus, J. S., 2001. Ecosystem impacts of three
sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United
States’
largest lagoonal
estuary,
Pamlico
Sound,
NC. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 98,
5655–5660.
Paerl, H. W., Hall, N. S., Peierls, B. L., Rossignol, K. L., and Joyner,
A. R., 2013. Hydrologic variability and its control of phytoplankton community structure and function in two shallow,
CLIMATE CHANGE
127