M., Lenihan, H., Luckenbach, M. W., Toropova, C. L., and
Zhang, G., 2009. Shellfish Reefs at Risk: A Global Analysis of
Problems and Solutions. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. 52 pp.
Beck, M. W., Brumbaugh, R. D., Airoldi, L., Carranza, A., Coen,
L. D., Crawford, C., Defeo, O., Edgar, G. J., Hancock, B., Kay,
M. C., Lenihan, H. S., Luckenbach, M. W., Toropova, C. L.,
Zhang, G., and Guo, X., 2011. Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration and management.
BioScience, 61, 107–116.
Bell, J. D., Rothlisberg, P. C., Munro, J. L., Loneragan, N. R., Nash,
W. J., Ward, R. D., and Andrew, N. L., 2005. Restocking and
stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries. Advances
in Marine Biology, 49, 1–392.
Bertness, M. D., and Grosholz, E., 1985. Population dynamics of
the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa: the costs and benefits
of an aggregated distribution. Oecologia, 67, 192–204.
Blignaut, J., Aronson, J., and de Groot, R., 2013. Restoration of natural capital: a key strategy on the path to sustainability. Ecological Engineering, doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.003.
Boesch, D. F., and Turner, R. E., 1984. Dependency of fishery species on salt marshes: the role of food and refuge. Estuaries and
Coasts, 7, 460–468.
Booth, D. M., and Heck, K. L., 2009. Effects of the American oyster
Crassostrea virginica on growth rates of the seagrass Halodule
wrightii. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 389, 117–126.
Brandt, G., Wehrmann, A., and Wirtz, K. W., 2008. Rapid invasion
of Crassostrea gigas into the German Wadden Sea dominated by
larval supply. Journal of Sea Research, 59, 279–296.
Breitburg, D., Coen, L. D., Luckenbach, M. W., Mann, R., Posey,
M., and Wesson, J. A., 2000. Oyster reef restoration: convergence of harvest and conservation strategies. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 19, 371–377.
Breitburg, D. L., Hondorp, D. W., Davias, L. A., and Diaz, R. J.,
2009. Hypoxia, nitrogen and fisheries: integrating effects across
local and global landscapes. Annual Review of Marine Science,
1, 329–350.
Brooks, W.K., 1891. The oyster, re-issued, 1996 edition with
a foreword by K.T. Paynter, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 230 pp.
Brown, L. A., Furlong, J. N., Brown, K. M., and La Peyre, M. K.,
2014. Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico:
effect of artificial substrate and age on nekton and benthic
macroinvertebrate assemblage use. Restoration Ecology,
doi:10.1111/rec.12071.
Brumbaugh, R. D., Beck, M. W., Coen, L. D., Craig, L., and Hicks,
P., 2006. A Practitioners’ Guide to the Design and Monitoring of
Shellfish Restoration Projects: An Ecosystem Services
Approach. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. MRD Educational Report No. 22, p. 28.
Brumbaugh, R. D., and Coen, L. D., 2009. Contemporary
approaches for small-scale oyster reef restoration to address substrate versus recruitment limitation: a review and comments relevant for the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida (Carpenter, 1864).
Journal of Shellfish Research, 28, 147–161.
Burge, C. A., Eakin, C. M., Friedman, C. S., Froelich, B.,
Hershberger, P. K., Hofmann, E. E., Petes, L. E., Prager, K. C.,
Weil, E., Willis, B. L., Ford, S. E., and Harvell, C. D., 2014. Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. Annual Review of Marine
Science, 6, 249–277.
Burkett, J. R., Hight, L. M., Kenny, P., and Wilker, J. J., 2010. Oysters produce an organic–inorganic adhesive for intertidal reef
construction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132,
12531–12533.
Burnett, L. E., 1997. The challenges of living in hypoxic and hypercapnic aquatic environments. American Zoologist, 37, 633–640.
Burrell, V.G., Jr., 1986. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates
(South Atlantic) – American Oyster. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (11.57), U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers TR EL-82-4, 17 pp.
Burrell, V.G., Jr., 2003. The Oyster Industry of South Carolina.
67 pp. Self published, see http://mrl.cofc.edu/pdf/
OysterIndusSC.pdf
Burreson, E. M., and Ford, S. E., 2004. A review of recent information on the Haplosporidia, with special reference to
Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX disease). Aquatic Living
Resources, 17, 499–517.
Byers, J. E., Cuddington, K., Jones, C. G., Talley, T. S., Hastings,
A., Lambrinos, J. G., Crooks, J. A., and Wilson, W. G., 2006.
Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems. Trends
in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 493–500.
Carriker, M. R., and Gaffney, P. M., 1996. A catalogue of selected
species of living oysters (Ostreacea) of the world. In Kennedy,
V. S., Newell, R. I. E., and Eble, A. F. (eds.), The Eastern Oyster
Crassostrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College Publication, pp. 1–18.
Carmichael, R. H., Walton, W., and Clark, H., 2012. Bivalve
enhanced nitrogen removal from coastal estuaries. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69, 1131–1149.
Ceci, L., 1984. Shell midden deposits as coastal resources world
archaeology. Coastal Archaeology, 16, 62–74.
Chestnut, A. F., 1974. Oyster reefs. In Odum, H. T., Copeland, B. J.,
and McMahan, E. A. (eds.), Coastal Ecological Systems of the
United States II. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation, pp. 171–203.
Coen, L. D., 1995. A Review of the Potential Impacts of Mechanical
Harvesting on Subtidal and Intertidal Shellfish Resources.
Charleston, SC. DNR-MRRI, p. 46. + three Appendices.
Coen, L.D., Luckenbach, M.W., and Breitburg, D.L., 1999a. The
role of oyster reefs as essential fish habitat: a review of current
knowledge and some new perspectives. In: Benaka, L. R. (ed.),
Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation,
Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, Symposium 22.
pp. 438–454.
Coen, L. D., Knott, D. M., Wenner, E. L., Hadley, N. H., and
Ringwood, A. H., 1999b. Intertidal oyster reef studies in South
Carolina: design, sampling and experimental focus for evaluating habitat value and function. In Luckenbach, M. W., Mann,
R., and Wesson, J. A. (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration:
A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Gloucester Point,
VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press, pp. 131–156.
Coen, L. D., and Luckenbach, M. W., 2000. Developing success
criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecolog. Engineering, 15,
323–343.
Coen, L., Walters, K., Wilber, D., and Hadley, N. 2004. A South
Carolina Sea Grant Report of a 2004 Workshop to Examine
and Evaluate Oyster Restoration Metrics to Assess Ecological
Function, Sustainability and Success Results and Related Information. Charleston, SC: Sea Grant Publication, 27 pp.
Coen, L.D., Bolton-Warberg, M., and Stephen, J.A. 2006. An examination of oyster reefs as a biologically-critical estuarine ecosystems. Final Report, Grant R/ER-10, Submitted to the South
Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 214 pp. plus appendices.
Coen, L. D., Brumbaugh, R. D., Bushek, D., Grizzle, R.,
Luckenbach, M. W., Posey, M. H., Powers, S. P., and Tolley,
G., 2007. AS WE SEE IT. A broader view of ecosystem services
related to oyster restoration. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
341, 303–307.
Coen, L. D., Dumbauld, B. R., and Judge, M. L., 2011a. Expanding
shellfish aquaculture: a review of the ecological services provided by and impacts of native and cultured bivalves in
102
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
Zhang, G., 2009. Shellfish Reefs at Risk: A Global Analysis of
Problems and Solutions. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. 52 pp.
Beck, M. W., Brumbaugh, R. D., Airoldi, L., Carranza, A., Coen,
L. D., Crawford, C., Defeo, O., Edgar, G. J., Hancock, B., Kay,
M. C., Lenihan, H. S., Luckenbach, M. W., Toropova, C. L.,
Zhang, G., and Guo, X., 2011. Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration and management.
BioScience, 61, 107–116.
Bell, J. D., Rothlisberg, P. C., Munro, J. L., Loneragan, N. R., Nash,
W. J., Ward, R. D., and Andrew, N. L., 2005. Restocking and
stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries. Advances
in Marine Biology, 49, 1–392.
Bertness, M. D., and Grosholz, E., 1985. Population dynamics of
the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa: the costs and benefits
of an aggregated distribution. Oecologia, 67, 192–204.
Blignaut, J., Aronson, J., and de Groot, R., 2013. Restoration of natural capital: a key strategy on the path to sustainability. Ecological Engineering, doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.003.
Boesch, D. F., and Turner, R. E., 1984. Dependency of fishery species on salt marshes: the role of food and refuge. Estuaries and
Coasts, 7, 460–468.
Booth, D. M., and Heck, K. L., 2009. Effects of the American oyster
Crassostrea virginica on growth rates of the seagrass Halodule
wrightii. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 389, 117–126.
Brandt, G., Wehrmann, A., and Wirtz, K. W., 2008. Rapid invasion
of Crassostrea gigas into the German Wadden Sea dominated by
larval supply. Journal of Sea Research, 59, 279–296.
Breitburg, D., Coen, L. D., Luckenbach, M. W., Mann, R., Posey,
M., and Wesson, J. A., 2000. Oyster reef restoration: convergence of harvest and conservation strategies. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 19, 371–377.
Breitburg, D. L., Hondorp, D. W., Davias, L. A., and Diaz, R. J.,
2009. Hypoxia, nitrogen and fisheries: integrating effects across
local and global landscapes. Annual Review of Marine Science,
1, 329–350.
Brooks, W.K., 1891. The oyster, re-issued, 1996 edition with
a foreword by K.T. Paynter, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 230 pp.
Brown, L. A., Furlong, J. N., Brown, K. M., and La Peyre, M. K.,
2014. Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico:
effect of artificial substrate and age on nekton and benthic
macroinvertebrate assemblage use. Restoration Ecology,
doi:10.1111/rec.12071.
Brumbaugh, R. D., Beck, M. W., Coen, L. D., Craig, L., and Hicks,
P., 2006. A Practitioners’ Guide to the Design and Monitoring of
Shellfish Restoration Projects: An Ecosystem Services
Approach. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. MRD Educational Report No. 22, p. 28.
Brumbaugh, R. D., and Coen, L. D., 2009. Contemporary
approaches for small-scale oyster reef restoration to address substrate versus recruitment limitation: a review and comments relevant for the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida (Carpenter, 1864).
Journal of Shellfish Research, 28, 147–161.
Burge, C. A., Eakin, C. M., Friedman, C. S., Froelich, B.,
Hershberger, P. K., Hofmann, E. E., Petes, L. E., Prager, K. C.,
Weil, E., Willis, B. L., Ford, S. E., and Harvell, C. D., 2014. Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. Annual Review of Marine
Science, 6, 249–277.
Burkett, J. R., Hight, L. M., Kenny, P., and Wilker, J. J., 2010. Oysters produce an organic–inorganic adhesive for intertidal reef
construction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132,
12531–12533.
Burnett, L. E., 1997. The challenges of living in hypoxic and hypercapnic aquatic environments. American Zoologist, 37, 633–640.
Burrell, V.G., Jr., 1986. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates
(South Atlantic) – American Oyster. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (11.57), U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers TR EL-82-4, 17 pp.
Burrell, V.G., Jr., 2003. The Oyster Industry of South Carolina.
67 pp. Self published, see http://mrl.cofc.edu/pdf/
OysterIndusSC.pdf
Burreson, E. M., and Ford, S. E., 2004. A review of recent information on the Haplosporidia, with special reference to
Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX disease). Aquatic Living
Resources, 17, 499–517.
Byers, J. E., Cuddington, K., Jones, C. G., Talley, T. S., Hastings,
A., Lambrinos, J. G., Crooks, J. A., and Wilson, W. G., 2006.
Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems. Trends
in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 493–500.
Carriker, M. R., and Gaffney, P. M., 1996. A catalogue of selected
species of living oysters (Ostreacea) of the world. In Kennedy,
V. S., Newell, R. I. E., and Eble, A. F. (eds.), The Eastern Oyster
Crassostrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College Publication, pp. 1–18.
Carmichael, R. H., Walton, W., and Clark, H., 2012. Bivalve
enhanced nitrogen removal from coastal estuaries. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69, 1131–1149.
Ceci, L., 1984. Shell midden deposits as coastal resources world
archaeology. Coastal Archaeology, 16, 62–74.
Chestnut, A. F., 1974. Oyster reefs. In Odum, H. T., Copeland, B. J.,
and McMahan, E. A. (eds.), Coastal Ecological Systems of the
United States II. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation, pp. 171–203.
Coen, L. D., 1995. A Review of the Potential Impacts of Mechanical
Harvesting on Subtidal and Intertidal Shellfish Resources.
Charleston, SC. DNR-MRRI, p. 46. + three Appendices.
Coen, L.D., Luckenbach, M.W., and Breitburg, D.L., 1999a. The
role of oyster reefs as essential fish habitat: a review of current
knowledge and some new perspectives. In: Benaka, L. R. (ed.),
Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation,
Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, Symposium 22.
pp. 438–454.
Coen, L. D., Knott, D. M., Wenner, E. L., Hadley, N. H., and
Ringwood, A. H., 1999b. Intertidal oyster reef studies in South
Carolina: design, sampling and experimental focus for evaluating habitat value and function. In Luckenbach, M. W., Mann,
R., and Wesson, J. A. (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration:
A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Gloucester Point,
VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press, pp. 131–156.
Coen, L. D., and Luckenbach, M. W., 2000. Developing success
criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecolog. Engineering, 15,
323–343.
Coen, L., Walters, K., Wilber, D., and Hadley, N. 2004. A South
Carolina Sea Grant Report of a 2004 Workshop to Examine
and Evaluate Oyster Restoration Metrics to Assess Ecological
Function, Sustainability and Success Results and Related Information. Charleston, SC: Sea Grant Publication, 27 pp.
Coen, L.D., Bolton-Warberg, M., and Stephen, J.A. 2006. An examination of oyster reefs as a biologically-critical estuarine ecosystems. Final Report, Grant R/ER-10, Submitted to the South
Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 214 pp. plus appendices.
Coen, L. D., Brumbaugh, R. D., Bushek, D., Grizzle, R.,
Luckenbach, M. W., Posey, M. H., Powers, S. P., and Tolley,
G., 2007. AS WE SEE IT. A broader view of ecosystem services
related to oyster restoration. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
341, 303–307.
Coen, L. D., Dumbauld, B. R., and Judge, M. L., 2011a. Expanding
shellfish aquaculture: a review of the ecological services provided by and impacts of native and cultured bivalves in
102
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS