shellfish-dominated ecosystems. Ch. 9. In Shumway, S. E. (ed.),
Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Chichester: WileyBlackwell, pp. 239–295.
Coen, L. D., Hadley, N., Shervette, V., and Anderson, W., 2011b.
Managing oysters in South Carolina: a five year program to
enhance/restore shellfish stocks and reef habitats on through
shell planting and technology improvements. SC Saltwater
Recreational Fisheries License Program Final Report,
Charleston, SC, USA, 77 pp. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/
pub/Coen2011ShellfishReport.pdf
Connell, J. H., and Keough, M. J., 1985. Disturbance and patch
dynamics of subtidal marine animals on hard substrata. In
Pickett, S. T. A., and White, P. S. (eds.), The Ecology of Natural
Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York: Academic,
pp. 125–152.
Cummings, V. J., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., and Turner, S. J., 1998.
The influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica (Gray) on
benthic macroinvertebrate communities in soft sediment habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
228, 227–240.
Cummings, V. J., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., and Funnell, G. A.,
2001. The variable effect of a large suspension-feeding bivalve
on infauna: experimenting in a complex system. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 209, 159–175.
Currin, C. A., Chappell, W. S., and Deaton, A., 2010. Developing
alternative shoreline armoring strategies: the living shoreline
approach in North Carolina. In: Shipman, H., Dethier, M.N.,
Gelfenbaum, G., Fresh, K.L., and Dinicola, R.S., (eds.), Puget
Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring – Proceedings
of a State of the Science Workshop, Union, WA. May 2009.
pp. 91–102. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations
Report 2010–5254.
Dame, R. F., 1993. Bivalve Filter Feeders and Coastal and Estuarine Ecosystem Processes. Heidelberg: Springer. NATO ASI
Series, Vol. G 33, p. 579.
Dame, R., 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: An Ecosystem
Approach. Boca Raton: CRC Marine Science Series. 254 pp.
Dame, R., Bushek, D., and Prins, T., 2001. The role of suspension
feeders as ecosystem transformers in shallow coastal environments. In Reise, K. (ed.), The Ecology of Sedimentary Coasts.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 11–37.
Dayton, P. K., Thrush, S. F., Agardy, M. T., and Hofman, R. J.,
1995. Environmental effects of fishing. Aquatic Conservation:
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 5, 205–232.
DeAlteris, J. T., 1988. The geomorphic development of Wreck
Shoal, a subtidal oyster reef of the James River, Virginia. Estuaries, 11, 240–249.
DeAlteris, J. T., Kilpatrick, B. D., and Rheault, R. B., 2004.
A comparative evaluation of the habitat value of shellfish aquaculture gear, submerged aquatic vegetation and a non-vegetated
seabed. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23, 867–874.
DeBlieu, J., Beck, M., Dorfman, D., and Ertel, P., 2005. Conservation in the Carolinian Ecoregion: An Ecoregional Assessment.
Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. 60 pp.
Decottignies, P., Beninger, P. G., Rincé, Y., and Riera, P., 2007.
Trophic interactions between two introduced suspensionfeeders, Crepidula fornicata and Crassostrea gigas, are
influenced by seasonal effects and qualitative selection capacity.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342,
231–241.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia –
review of ecological effects and behavioral responses on
macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual
Review, 33, 245–303.
Douglass, S. L., and Pickel, B. H., 1999. The tide doesn’t go out
anymore – the effect of bulkheads on urban shorelines. Shore
and Beach, 67, 19–25.
Dumbauld, B. R., Armstrong, D. A., and McDonald, T. L., 1993.
Use of oyster shell to enhance intertidal habitat and mitigate loss
of dungeness crab (Cancer magister) caused by dredging. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50, 381–390.
Dumbauld, B. R., Ruesink, J. L., and Rumrill, S. S., 2009. The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: a review with application to oyster and clam culture in
West Coast (USA) estuaries. Aquaculture, 290, 196–223.
Eggleston, D. B., Elis, W. E., Etherington, L. L., Dahlgren, C. P.,
and Posey, M. H., 1999. Organism responses to habitat fragmentation and diversity: habitat colonization by estuarine
macrofauna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236, 107–132.
Eggleston, D. B., 1999. Application of landscape ecological
principles to oyster reef habitat restoration. In Luckenbach,
M. W., Mann, R., and Wesson, J. A. (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat
Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press,
pp. 213–277.
Elton, C., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants.
London: Methuen & Co., Ltd, 181 pp., reissued in 2000, with
new forward by D. Simberloff. Chicago University Press.
Erbland, P. J., and Ozbay, G., 2008. A comparison of the
macrofaunal communities inhabiting a Crassostrea virginica
oyster reef and oyster aquaculture gear in Indian River Bay, Delaware. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27, 757–768.
Everett, R. A., Ruiz, G. M., and Carlton, J. T., 1995. Effect of oyster
mariculture on submerged aquatic vegetation: an experimental
test in a Pacific Northwest estuary. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 125, 205–217.
FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
Fay, C. W., Neves, R. J., and Pardue, G. B., 1983. Species Profiles:
Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal
Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) – Bay Scallop. United
States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Biological Services,
Report No. FWS/OBS-82/11.12, and United States Army Corps
of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4, Washington, DC.
Franz, D. R., 2001. Recruitment, survivorship, and age structure of
a New York ribbed mussel population (Geukensia demissa) in
relation to shore level – a nine year study. Estuaries, 24,
319–327.
French McCay, D. P., Peterson, C. H., DeAlteris, J. T., and Catena,
J., 2003. Restoration that targets function as opposed to structure: replacing lost bivalve production and filtration. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 264, 197–212.
Galtsoff, P. S., 1964. The American Oyster Crassostrea Virginica
Gmelin. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Vol. 64, pp. 1–480.
Gambordella, M., McEachron, L., Beals, C., and Arnold, W. S.,
2007. Establishing Baselines for Monitoring the Response
of Oysters in Southeast Florida to Changes in Freshwater
Input. Final Report, 176 pp. see http://www.oyster-restoration.
org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Gambordella%20et%20al.%
20final%20report.pdf
Geraldi, N. R., Powers, S. P., Heck, K. L., and Cebrian, J., 2009.
Can habitat restoration be redundant? Response of mobile fishes
and crustaceans to oyster reef restoration in marsh tidal creeks.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 389, 171–180.
Glancy, T. P., Frazer, K. T. K., Cichra, C. E., and Lindberg, W. J.,
2003. Comparative patterns of occupancy by decapod crustaceans in seagrass, oyster, and marsh-edge habitats in
a northeast Gulf of Mexico estuary. Estuaries, 26, 1291–1301.
Gofas, S., 2013. Bivalvia. Accessed through: World Register of
Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?
p¼taxdetails&id¼105 on 2014-01-0.
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
103
Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Chichester: WileyBlackwell, pp. 239–295.
Coen, L. D., Hadley, N., Shervette, V., and Anderson, W., 2011b.
Managing oysters in South Carolina: a five year program to
enhance/restore shellfish stocks and reef habitats on through
shell planting and technology improvements. SC Saltwater
Recreational Fisheries License Program Final Report,
Charleston, SC, USA, 77 pp. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/
pub/Coen2011ShellfishReport.pdf
Connell, J. H., and Keough, M. J., 1985. Disturbance and patch
dynamics of subtidal marine animals on hard substrata. In
Pickett, S. T. A., and White, P. S. (eds.), The Ecology of Natural
Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York: Academic,
pp. 125–152.
Cummings, V. J., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., and Turner, S. J., 1998.
The influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica (Gray) on
benthic macroinvertebrate communities in soft sediment habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
228, 227–240.
Cummings, V. J., Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., and Funnell, G. A.,
2001. The variable effect of a large suspension-feeding bivalve
on infauna: experimenting in a complex system. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 209, 159–175.
Currin, C. A., Chappell, W. S., and Deaton, A., 2010. Developing
alternative shoreline armoring strategies: the living shoreline
approach in North Carolina. In: Shipman, H., Dethier, M.N.,
Gelfenbaum, G., Fresh, K.L., and Dinicola, R.S., (eds.), Puget
Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring – Proceedings
of a State of the Science Workshop, Union, WA. May 2009.
pp. 91–102. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations
Report 2010–5254.
Dame, R. F., 1993. Bivalve Filter Feeders and Coastal and Estuarine Ecosystem Processes. Heidelberg: Springer. NATO ASI
Series, Vol. G 33, p. 579.
Dame, R., 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: An Ecosystem
Approach. Boca Raton: CRC Marine Science Series. 254 pp.
Dame, R., Bushek, D., and Prins, T., 2001. The role of suspension
feeders as ecosystem transformers in shallow coastal environments. In Reise, K. (ed.), The Ecology of Sedimentary Coasts.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 11–37.
Dayton, P. K., Thrush, S. F., Agardy, M. T., and Hofman, R. J.,
1995. Environmental effects of fishing. Aquatic Conservation:
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 5, 205–232.
DeAlteris, J. T., 1988. The geomorphic development of Wreck
Shoal, a subtidal oyster reef of the James River, Virginia. Estuaries, 11, 240–249.
DeAlteris, J. T., Kilpatrick, B. D., and Rheault, R. B., 2004.
A comparative evaluation of the habitat value of shellfish aquaculture gear, submerged aquatic vegetation and a non-vegetated
seabed. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23, 867–874.
DeBlieu, J., Beck, M., Dorfman, D., and Ertel, P., 2005. Conservation in the Carolinian Ecoregion: An Ecoregional Assessment.
Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. 60 pp.
Decottignies, P., Beninger, P. G., Rincé, Y., and Riera, P., 2007.
Trophic interactions between two introduced suspensionfeeders, Crepidula fornicata and Crassostrea gigas, are
influenced by seasonal effects and qualitative selection capacity.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342,
231–241.
Diaz, R. J., and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia –
review of ecological effects and behavioral responses on
macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual
Review, 33, 245–303.
Douglass, S. L., and Pickel, B. H., 1999. The tide doesn’t go out
anymore – the effect of bulkheads on urban shorelines. Shore
and Beach, 67, 19–25.
Dumbauld, B. R., Armstrong, D. A., and McDonald, T. L., 1993.
Use of oyster shell to enhance intertidal habitat and mitigate loss
of dungeness crab (Cancer magister) caused by dredging. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50, 381–390.
Dumbauld, B. R., Ruesink, J. L., and Rumrill, S. S., 2009. The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: a review with application to oyster and clam culture in
West Coast (USA) estuaries. Aquaculture, 290, 196–223.
Eggleston, D. B., Elis, W. E., Etherington, L. L., Dahlgren, C. P.,
and Posey, M. H., 1999. Organism responses to habitat fragmentation and diversity: habitat colonization by estuarine
macrofauna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236, 107–132.
Eggleston, D. B., 1999. Application of landscape ecological
principles to oyster reef habitat restoration. In Luckenbach,
M. W., Mann, R., and Wesson, J. A. (eds.), Oyster Reef Habitat
Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Gloucester Point, VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press,
pp. 213–277.
Elton, C., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants.
London: Methuen & Co., Ltd, 181 pp., reissued in 2000, with
new forward by D. Simberloff. Chicago University Press.
Erbland, P. J., and Ozbay, G., 2008. A comparison of the
macrofaunal communities inhabiting a Crassostrea virginica
oyster reef and oyster aquaculture gear in Indian River Bay, Delaware. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27, 757–768.
Everett, R. A., Ruiz, G. M., and Carlton, J. T., 1995. Effect of oyster
mariculture on submerged aquatic vegetation: an experimental
test in a Pacific Northwest estuary. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 125, 205–217.
FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
Fay, C. W., Neves, R. J., and Pardue, G. B., 1983. Species Profiles:
Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal
Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) – Bay Scallop. United
States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Biological Services,
Report No. FWS/OBS-82/11.12, and United States Army Corps
of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4, Washington, DC.
Franz, D. R., 2001. Recruitment, survivorship, and age structure of
a New York ribbed mussel population (Geukensia demissa) in
relation to shore level – a nine year study. Estuaries, 24,
319–327.
French McCay, D. P., Peterson, C. H., DeAlteris, J. T., and Catena,
J., 2003. Restoration that targets function as opposed to structure: replacing lost bivalve production and filtration. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 264, 197–212.
Galtsoff, P. S., 1964. The American Oyster Crassostrea Virginica
Gmelin. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Vol. 64, pp. 1–480.
Gambordella, M., McEachron, L., Beals, C., and Arnold, W. S.,
2007. Establishing Baselines for Monitoring the Response
of Oysters in Southeast Florida to Changes in Freshwater
Input. Final Report, 176 pp. see http://www.oyster-restoration.
org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Gambordella%20et%20al.%
20final%20report.pdf
Geraldi, N. R., Powers, S. P., Heck, K. L., and Cebrian, J., 2009.
Can habitat restoration be redundant? Response of mobile fishes
and crustaceans to oyster reef restoration in marsh tidal creeks.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 389, 171–180.
Glancy, T. P., Frazer, K. T. K., Cichra, C. E., and Lindberg, W. J.,
2003. Comparative patterns of occupancy by decapod crustaceans in seagrass, oyster, and marsh-edge habitats in
a northeast Gulf of Mexico estuary. Estuaries, 26, 1291–1301.
Gofas, S., 2013. Bivalvia. Accessed through: World Register of
Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?
p¼taxdetails&id¼105 on 2014-01-0.
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
103