Part E | 26
658 Part E Marine Microbiology and Biotechnology
by favoring the discovery of more efficacious drugs,
the production of biofuel from sustainable sources,
the isolation of enzymes that are useful for the industry, the synthesis of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics, the remediation of environmental pollution, and the development of a sustainable aquaculture. The combination of improved cultivation techniques with new culture-independent, omics-driven approaches (such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics,
metaproteomics, and metabolomics) will multiply the
possibilities of successfully exploring the biotechnological potential of marine microbes, with the hope of
solving important societal challenges of the twenty-first
century.
References
26.1
L. Zinger, L.A. Amaral-Zettler, J.A. Fuhrman,
M.C. Horner-Devine, S.M. Huse, D.B.M. Welch,
J.B.H. Martiny, M. Sogin, A. Boetius, A. Ramette: Global patterns of bacterial Beta-diversity in
seafloor and seawater ecosystems, PLoS ONE 6(9),
e24570 (2011)
26.2
R. Stocker: Marine microbes see a sea of gradients,
Science 338, 628–633 (2012)
26.3
J.B.H. Martiny, B.J.M. Bohannan, J.H. Brown,
R.K. Colwell, J.A. Fuhrman, J.L. Green,
M.C. Horner-Devine, M. Kane, J.A. Krumins,
C.R. Kuske, P.J. Morin, S. Naeem, L. Øvreås, A.L. Reysenbach, V.H. Smith, J.T. Staley: Microbial
biogeography: Putting microorganisms on the
map, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 102–112 (2006)
26.4
F.O. Glöckner, I. Joint: Marine microbial genomics
in Europe: current status and perspectives, Microb. Biotechnology 3, 523–530 (2010)
26.5
S. Giovannoni, U. Stingl: The importance of culturing bacterioplankton in the ‘omics’ age, Nature 5, 820–826 (2007)
26.6
I. Joint, M. Mühling, J. Querellou: Culturing marine bacteria – an essential prerequisite for
biodiscovery, Microb. Biotechnology 3, 564–575
(2010)
26.7
S.J. Giovannoni, U. Stingl: Molecular diversity and
ecology of microbial plankton, Nature 437, 343–
348 (2005)
26.8
M.L. Sogin, H.G. Morrison, J.A. Huber, M.D. Welch,
S.M. Huse, P.R. Neal, J.M. Arrieta, G.J. Herndl:
Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 103, 12115–12120 (2006)
26.9
L. Zinger, A. Gobet, T. Pommier: Two decades of
describing the unseen majority of aquatic microbial diversity, Mol. Ecol. 21, 1878–1896 (2012)
26.10
W.J. Sul, T.A. Oliver, H.W. Ducklow, L.A. AmaralZettler, M.L. Sogin: Marine bacteria exhibit a
bipolar distribution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110,
2342–2347 (2013)
26.11
Convention on Biological Diversity: http://www.
cbd.int/convention/text/
26.12
E. Rosenberg: Biotechnology and applied microbiology. In: The Prokaryotes – Prokaryotic Biology
and Symbiotic Associations, ed. by E. Rosenberg,
E.F. DeLong, E. Stackebrandt, S. Lory, F. Thompson
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2013) pp. 315–
328
26.13
R.H. Wijffels: Potential of sponges and microalgae
for marine biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol. 26,
26–31 (2008)
26.14
C.R. Woese: Bacterial evolution, Microbiol. Reviews 51, 221–271 (1987)
26.15
R. Massana, C. Pedrós-Alió: Unveiling new microbial eukaryotes in the surface ocean, Curr. Opin.
Microbiol. 11, 213–218 (2008)
26.16
K.B. Heidelberg, J.A. Gilbert, I. Joint: Marine genomics: at the interface of marine microbial ecology and biodiscovery, Microb. Biotechnology 3,
531–543 (2010)
26.17
J.F. Imhoff, A. Labes, J. Wiese: Bio–mining the
microbial treasures of the ocean: new natural
products, Biotechnology Adv. 29, 468–482 (2011)
26.18
G. Schwartsmann, A. da Brondani Rocha,
R.G.S. Berlinck, J. Jimeno: Marine organisms as
a source of new anticancer agents, The Lancet
Oncol. 2, 221–225 (2001)
26.19
P. Proksch, R.A. Edrada, R. Ebel: Drugs from the
seas–current status and microbiological implications, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 125–134
(2002)
26.20
D. Sipkema, M.C.R. Franssen, R. Osinga, J. Tramper, R.H. Wijffels: Marine sponges as pharmacy,
Mar. Biotechnology 7, 142–162 (2005)
26.21
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 24, 31–86 (2007)
26.22
D. Leary, M. Vierros, G. Hamon, S. Arico, C. Monagle: Marine genetic resources: a review of scientific and commercial interest, Mar. Policy 33,
183–194 (2009)
26.23
D.G. Nagle, Y.D. Zhou, F.D. Mora, K.A. Mohammed,
Y.P. Kim: Mechanism targeted discovery of antitumour marine natural products, Curr. Med. Chem.
11, 1725–1756 (2004)
26.24
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 8,
69–85 (2009)
26.25
K.J. Schippers, D. Sipkema, R. Osinga, H. Smidt,
S.A. Pomponi, D.E. Martens, R.H. Wijffels: Cultivation of sponges, sponge cells and symbionts:
658 Part E Marine Microbiology and Biotechnology
by favoring the discovery of more efficacious drugs,
the production of biofuel from sustainable sources,
the isolation of enzymes that are useful for the industry, the synthesis of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics, the remediation of environmental pollution, and the development of a sustainable aquaculture. The combination of improved cultivation techniques with new culture-independent, omics-driven approaches (such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics,
metaproteomics, and metabolomics) will multiply the
possibilities of successfully exploring the biotechnological potential of marine microbes, with the hope of
solving important societal challenges of the twenty-first
century.
References
26.1
L. Zinger, L.A. Amaral-Zettler, J.A. Fuhrman,
M.C. Horner-Devine, S.M. Huse, D.B.M. Welch,
J.B.H. Martiny, M. Sogin, A. Boetius, A. Ramette: Global patterns of bacterial Beta-diversity in
seafloor and seawater ecosystems, PLoS ONE 6(9),
e24570 (2011)
26.2
R. Stocker: Marine microbes see a sea of gradients,
Science 338, 628–633 (2012)
26.3
J.B.H. Martiny, B.J.M. Bohannan, J.H. Brown,
R.K. Colwell, J.A. Fuhrman, J.L. Green,
M.C. Horner-Devine, M. Kane, J.A. Krumins,
C.R. Kuske, P.J. Morin, S. Naeem, L. Øvreås, A.L. Reysenbach, V.H. Smith, J.T. Staley: Microbial
biogeography: Putting microorganisms on the
map, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 102–112 (2006)
26.4
F.O. Glöckner, I. Joint: Marine microbial genomics
in Europe: current status and perspectives, Microb. Biotechnology 3, 523–530 (2010)
26.5
S. Giovannoni, U. Stingl: The importance of culturing bacterioplankton in the ‘omics’ age, Nature 5, 820–826 (2007)
26.6
I. Joint, M. Mühling, J. Querellou: Culturing marine bacteria – an essential prerequisite for
biodiscovery, Microb. Biotechnology 3, 564–575
(2010)
26.7
S.J. Giovannoni, U. Stingl: Molecular diversity and
ecology of microbial plankton, Nature 437, 343–
348 (2005)
26.8
M.L. Sogin, H.G. Morrison, J.A. Huber, M.D. Welch,
S.M. Huse, P.R. Neal, J.M. Arrieta, G.J. Herndl:
Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 103, 12115–12120 (2006)
26.9
L. Zinger, A. Gobet, T. Pommier: Two decades of
describing the unseen majority of aquatic microbial diversity, Mol. Ecol. 21, 1878–1896 (2012)
26.10
W.J. Sul, T.A. Oliver, H.W. Ducklow, L.A. AmaralZettler, M.L. Sogin: Marine bacteria exhibit a
bipolar distribution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110,
2342–2347 (2013)
26.11
Convention on Biological Diversity: http://www.
cbd.int/convention/text/
26.12
E. Rosenberg: Biotechnology and applied microbiology. In: The Prokaryotes – Prokaryotic Biology
and Symbiotic Associations, ed. by E. Rosenberg,
E.F. DeLong, E. Stackebrandt, S. Lory, F. Thompson
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2013) pp. 315–
328
26.13
R.H. Wijffels: Potential of sponges and microalgae
for marine biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol. 26,
26–31 (2008)
26.14
C.R. Woese: Bacterial evolution, Microbiol. Reviews 51, 221–271 (1987)
26.15
R. Massana, C. Pedrós-Alió: Unveiling new microbial eukaryotes in the surface ocean, Curr. Opin.
Microbiol. 11, 213–218 (2008)
26.16
K.B. Heidelberg, J.A. Gilbert, I. Joint: Marine genomics: at the interface of marine microbial ecology and biodiscovery, Microb. Biotechnology 3,
531–543 (2010)
26.17
J.F. Imhoff, A. Labes, J. Wiese: Bio–mining the
microbial treasures of the ocean: new natural
products, Biotechnology Adv. 29, 468–482 (2011)
26.18
G. Schwartsmann, A. da Brondani Rocha,
R.G.S. Berlinck, J. Jimeno: Marine organisms as
a source of new anticancer agents, The Lancet
Oncol. 2, 221–225 (2001)
26.19
P. Proksch, R.A. Edrada, R. Ebel: Drugs from the
seas–current status and microbiological implications, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 125–134
(2002)
26.20
D. Sipkema, M.C.R. Franssen, R. Osinga, J. Tramper, R.H. Wijffels: Marine sponges as pharmacy,
Mar. Biotechnology 7, 142–162 (2005)
26.21
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 24, 31–86 (2007)
26.22
D. Leary, M. Vierros, G. Hamon, S. Arico, C. Monagle: Marine genetic resources: a review of scientific and commercial interest, Mar. Policy 33,
183–194 (2009)
26.23
D.G. Nagle, Y.D. Zhou, F.D. Mora, K.A. Mohammed,
Y.P. Kim: Mechanism targeted discovery of antitumour marine natural products, Curr. Med. Chem.
11, 1725–1756 (2004)
26.24
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 8,
69–85 (2009)
26.25
K.J. Schippers, D. Sipkema, R. Osinga, H. Smidt,
S.A. Pomponi, D.E. Martens, R.H. Wijffels: Cultivation of sponges, sponge cells and symbionts: