Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Marine Algae 22.5 Biological Activities and Medicinal Applications 565
Part D | 22.5
Table 22.12 (continued)
Polysaccharide
Algal species
Specific biological activities
References
Agarocolloid
Gracilaria birdiae
Antioxidant (DPPH) a
[22.344]
Alginates alginic acid Sargassum vulgare
Antitumor (sarcoma 180)
[22.328]
Macrocystis pyrifera
Immunostimulant (leucocytes, Gadus morhua)
[22.345]
Fucoidan
(sulfated fucan)
Nonspecified
Antiprotozoal (Leishmania donovani)
[22.346]
Fucus evanescens
Antitumor, antimetastatic
[22.347, 348]
Fucus vesiculosus
Antioxidant (ROS scavenging, lipid peroxidation)
[22.328]
Fucus vesiculosus
Immunostimulant (leucocytes, Gadus morhua)
[22.345]
Fucus vesiculosus
Antitumor (mouse breast cancer)
[22.349]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anti-inflammatory (suppression of microglia and
macrophages)
[22.350–352]
Fucus vesiculosus
Gastric protection anti-ulcer
[22.353, 354]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anticancer (induction of apoptosis, activation of NK
cells)
[22.310, 355–357]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anti-obesity (stimulation of lipolysis)
[22.358]
Laminaria angustata
var. longissima
Activation of macrophages
[22.359]
Laminaria japonica
Antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus)
[22.360]
Laminaria japonica
Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production)
[22.361]
Laminaria japonica
Antioxidant
[22.360, 362, 363]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antitumour, activation of macrophages
[22.364–366]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antiviral (HCV-1b) b
[22.367]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Prophylactic against prion infection
[22.368]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antibacterial (Helicobacter pylori)
[22.369]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of IL-6 production)
[22.370]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Anti-ulcer
[22.371]
Laminaria cichorioides
Anticoagulant
[22.125]
Sargassum horneri
Antiviral (HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1)
c
[22.372]
Sargassum hemiphyllum
Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of IL-6 production)
[22.373]
Sargassum sp.
Anticancer (activation of NK cells)
[22.310]
Ecklonia cava
Anticoagulant (inhibition of proteases II, VI and X)
[22.374]
Ecklonia cava
Anti-inflammatory (suppression of macrophages)
[22.375]
a DPPH: (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl); b HCV: hepatitis C virus; c HSV: herpes simplex virus,
HCMV: human cytomegalovirus, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
tokines (TNF-˛, IL-6), contributing to their effectiveness against tumors [22.402].
22.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Inflammation is a complex physiological phenomenon
that responds to injury, infection, and stress. Antiinflammatory activity is the ability to reduce inflammation and is used, partially, for pain remedying.
Cytokines, such as interleukins IL-1ˇ, IL-6, TNF-˛,
and NO have been known to play important roles
in pro-inflammatory responses involving various types
of cells [22.393]. NO is synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) isophorm, which is expressed in response to activation of nuclear factor
ÄB (NF-ÄB) and MAPK induced by various effectors, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or
Concanvalin A (ConA). PGE2, COX-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are also related to inflammatory states. Sulfated polysaccharide
from Sargassum hemiphyllum significantly reduces secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-
Part D | 22.5
Table 22.12 (continued)
Polysaccharide
Algal species
Specific biological activities
References
Agarocolloid
Gracilaria birdiae
Antioxidant (DPPH) a
[22.344]
Alginates alginic acid Sargassum vulgare
Antitumor (sarcoma 180)
[22.328]
Macrocystis pyrifera
Immunostimulant (leucocytes, Gadus morhua)
[22.345]
Fucoidan
(sulfated fucan)
Nonspecified
Antiprotozoal (Leishmania donovani)
[22.346]
Fucus evanescens
Antitumor, antimetastatic
[22.347, 348]
Fucus vesiculosus
Antioxidant (ROS scavenging, lipid peroxidation)
[22.328]
Fucus vesiculosus
Immunostimulant (leucocytes, Gadus morhua)
[22.345]
Fucus vesiculosus
Antitumor (mouse breast cancer)
[22.349]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anti-inflammatory (suppression of microglia and
macrophages)
[22.350–352]
Fucus vesiculosus
Gastric protection anti-ulcer
[22.353, 354]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anticancer (induction of apoptosis, activation of NK
cells)
[22.310, 355–357]
Fucus vesiculosus
Anti-obesity (stimulation of lipolysis)
[22.358]
Laminaria angustata
var. longissima
Activation of macrophages
[22.359]
Laminaria japonica
Antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus)
[22.360]
Laminaria japonica
Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production)
[22.361]
Laminaria japonica
Antioxidant
[22.360, 362, 363]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antitumour, activation of macrophages
[22.364–366]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antiviral (HCV-1b) b
[22.367]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Prophylactic against prion infection
[22.368]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Antibacterial (Helicobacter pylori)
[22.369]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of IL-6 production)
[22.370]
Cladosiphon okamuranus Anti-ulcer
[22.371]
Laminaria cichorioides
Anticoagulant
[22.125]
Sargassum horneri
Antiviral (HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1)
c
[22.372]
Sargassum hemiphyllum
Anti-inflammatory (inhibition of IL-6 production)
[22.373]
Sargassum sp.
Anticancer (activation of NK cells)
[22.310]
Ecklonia cava
Anticoagulant (inhibition of proteases II, VI and X)
[22.374]
Ecklonia cava
Anti-inflammatory (suppression of macrophages)
[22.375]
a DPPH: (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl); b HCV: hepatitis C virus; c HSV: herpes simplex virus,
HCMV: human cytomegalovirus, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
tokines (TNF-˛, IL-6), contributing to their effectiveness against tumors [22.402].
22.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Inflammation is a complex physiological phenomenon
that responds to injury, infection, and stress. Antiinflammatory activity is the ability to reduce inflammation and is used, partially, for pain remedying.
Cytokines, such as interleukins IL-1ˇ, IL-6, TNF-˛,
and NO have been known to play important roles
in pro-inflammatory responses involving various types
of cells [22.393]. NO is synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) isophorm, which is expressed in response to activation of nuclear factor
ÄB (NF-ÄB) and MAPK induced by various effectors, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or
Concanvalin A (ConA). PGE2, COX-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are also related to inflammatory states. Sulfated polysaccharide
from Sargassum hemiphyllum significantly reduces secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-