Part D | 22.5
566 Part D Marine Algal Biotechnology
Table 22.12 (continued)
Polysaccharide
Algal species
Specific biological activities
References
Fucoidan (sulfated
galactofucan)
Adenocystis utricularis
antiviral (HIV; HSV-1, 2)
[22.141, 376]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antioxidant
[22.377]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anti-obesity (suppression of adipogenesis)
[22.378]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anti-allergic (regulation of Th1/Th2 cell response)
[22.379]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antitumor
[22.137, 380–383]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anticoagulant
[22.355, 384]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antiprotozoal
[22.380, 385]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antiviral (HSV-1,2; human cytomegalovirus)
[22.133, 134, 386]
Saccharina japonica
Antitumor
[22.383]
Lobophora variegata
Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory
[22.387]
Spatoglossum schroederi
Antithrombotic
[22.142]
Heterofucan
Spatoglossum schroederi
Antithrombotic
[22.143]
Padina gymnospora
Antioxidant, free radical scavenging
[22.388]
Sargassum filipendula
Antioxidant, antiproliferative
[22.389]
Ascophyllan
Ascophyllum nodosum
Activation of macrophages, anticancer
[22.390, 391]
Growth promoting effect on mammalian cell line
[22.392]
1b, IL-6, TNF-˛) by LPS-activated macrophages; it
also inhibits LPS-triggered messenger ribonucleic acid
(mRNA) expressions of IL-1b, iNOS, and COX-2,
which may be attributed to the downregulation of
NF-jB in the nucleus [22.373]. Similarly, fucoidan
from Ecklonia cava inhibits NO and PGE2 production by LPS-stimulated macrophages via the inhibition of enzymes iNOS and COX-2 [22.375]. Microglial activation plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and fucoidans significantly inhibit LPS-stimulated microglial
production and mRNA/protein expression of the mentioned inflammatory factors involving suppression of
specific MAPK [22.350, 361]. Mekabu (Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll) fucoidan enhanced Th1 cell response and inhibited Th2 cell response in normal
mice, reducing the immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in
mice serum [22.379]. Fucoidan also induces IL-10
production in plasma and liver, inhibits the production of ConA-induced proinflammatory cytokines, and
thereby prevents liver injury [22.352]. Fucoidan improves murine chronic colitis by inhibition of IL-6
production in colonic epithelial cells [22.370]. The
gastro-protective (anti-ulcer) effect of fucoidan against
aspirin-induced ulceration may take place through the
prevention of the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 [22.353]. The anti-ulcer property of fucoidan might contribute to protecting inflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage to gastric
mucosa [22.354]. The anti-obesity effect of fucoidan is
also related to its anti-inflammatory activity. Miyeokgui
(Mekabu) fucoidan suppresses adipogenesis via the inhibition of major markers and inflammation-related
cytokines in adipocytes. Hence, it may afford some
potential to control or reduce obesity [22.378]. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus can be useful for the
prevention or treatment of obesity due to its stimulatory
lipolysis [22.358].
22.5.4 Activities Against Infection Agents
Marine algal polysaccharides, especially sulfated ones,
have attracted considerable attention in recent years for
their antiviral activities against animal viruses [22.325,
403, 404], such as HSV types 1 and 2 [22.113, 133, 170,
405], human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV1) [22.406, 407], the influenza virus [22.408], and the
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [22.133]. Although
the use of these polysaccharides and oligosaccharides
as drugs is in its infancy, currently, some are already in
various phases of clinical trials [22.409–412]. An Undaria pinnatifida extract comprising predominantly sulfated galactofucan (6070% in mass and with relatively
higher molecular weight of over 301000 kDa) has
been patented for its in vivo antiviral activity including
HSV-1 [22.413]. The antiviral activity of algal sulfated
polysaccharides may have a direct or an indirect mechanism, i. e., based on (i) hindering the adsorption of viral
566 Part D Marine Algal Biotechnology
Table 22.12 (continued)
Polysaccharide
Algal species
Specific biological activities
References
Fucoidan (sulfated
galactofucan)
Adenocystis utricularis
antiviral (HIV; HSV-1, 2)
[22.141, 376]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antioxidant
[22.377]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anti-obesity (suppression of adipogenesis)
[22.378]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anti-allergic (regulation of Th1/Th2 cell response)
[22.379]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antitumor
[22.137, 380–383]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Anticoagulant
[22.355, 384]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antiprotozoal
[22.380, 385]
Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) Antiviral (HSV-1,2; human cytomegalovirus)
[22.133, 134, 386]
Saccharina japonica
Antitumor
[22.383]
Lobophora variegata
Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory
[22.387]
Spatoglossum schroederi
Antithrombotic
[22.142]
Heterofucan
Spatoglossum schroederi
Antithrombotic
[22.143]
Padina gymnospora
Antioxidant, free radical scavenging
[22.388]
Sargassum filipendula
Antioxidant, antiproliferative
[22.389]
Ascophyllan
Ascophyllum nodosum
Activation of macrophages, anticancer
[22.390, 391]
Growth promoting effect on mammalian cell line
[22.392]
1b, IL-6, TNF-˛) by LPS-activated macrophages; it
also inhibits LPS-triggered messenger ribonucleic acid
(mRNA) expressions of IL-1b, iNOS, and COX-2,
which may be attributed to the downregulation of
NF-jB in the nucleus [22.373]. Similarly, fucoidan
from Ecklonia cava inhibits NO and PGE2 production by LPS-stimulated macrophages via the inhibition of enzymes iNOS and COX-2 [22.375]. Microglial activation plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and fucoidans significantly inhibit LPS-stimulated microglial
production and mRNA/protein expression of the mentioned inflammatory factors involving suppression of
specific MAPK [22.350, 361]. Mekabu (Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll) fucoidan enhanced Th1 cell response and inhibited Th2 cell response in normal
mice, reducing the immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in
mice serum [22.379]. Fucoidan also induces IL-10
production in plasma and liver, inhibits the production of ConA-induced proinflammatory cytokines, and
thereby prevents liver injury [22.352]. Fucoidan improves murine chronic colitis by inhibition of IL-6
production in colonic epithelial cells [22.370]. The
gastro-protective (anti-ulcer) effect of fucoidan against
aspirin-induced ulceration may take place through the
prevention of the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 [22.353]. The anti-ulcer property of fucoidan might contribute to protecting inflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage to gastric
mucosa [22.354]. The anti-obesity effect of fucoidan is
also related to its anti-inflammatory activity. Miyeokgui
(Mekabu) fucoidan suppresses adipogenesis via the inhibition of major markers and inflammation-related
cytokines in adipocytes. Hence, it may afford some
potential to control or reduce obesity [22.378]. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus can be useful for the
prevention or treatment of obesity due to its stimulatory
lipolysis [22.358].
22.5.4 Activities Against Infection Agents
Marine algal polysaccharides, especially sulfated ones,
have attracted considerable attention in recent years for
their antiviral activities against animal viruses [22.325,
403, 404], such as HSV types 1 and 2 [22.113, 133, 170,
405], human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV1) [22.406, 407], the influenza virus [22.408], and the
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [22.133]. Although
the use of these polysaccharides and oligosaccharides
as drugs is in its infancy, currently, some are already in
various phases of clinical trials [22.409–412]. An Undaria pinnatifida extract comprising predominantly sulfated galactofucan (6070% in mass and with relatively
higher molecular weight of over 301000 kDa) has
been patented for its in vivo antiviral activity including
HSV-1 [22.413]. The antiviral activity of algal sulfated
polysaccharides may have a direct or an indirect mechanism, i. e., based on (i) hindering the adsorption of viral