Marine Sponges – Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 8.6 Metagenomic Strategies for Natural Product Discovery 231
Part A | 8.6
Table 8.4 Examples of antibacterial activities from marine sponge aqueous or organic extracts, bacterial or fungal isolates from sponges, or from compounds purified from sponges, bacterial or fungal extracts
Reference Sponge species
Source of activity
Target of activity
[8.182]
Haliclona aff tubifera
Organic extract
E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis
[8.183]
Aplysina aerophoba
Bacillus sp.
E. coli, S. aureus
Melophlus sarassinorum
Melophlins (tetramic acids)
S. aureus, B. subtilis
[8.184]
Brachiaster sp.
Heteronemin (sesterterpene)
M. tuberculosis
[8.160]
Luffariella sp.
Manoalides
S. aureus
[8.150]
Suberites domuncula
˛-Proteobacteria
S. aureus, S. epidermis
[8.10]
Haliclona simulans
Penicillium sp.
B. subtilis; S. aureus
Pezizomycotina sp.
Hypocreales spp.
Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.
[8.20]
Haliclona simulans
Pseudoalteromonas sp., Halomonas
sp., Psychrobacter sp.
B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, MRSA
[8.159]
Siliquariaspongia sp.
Motualevic acid
MRSA
[8.33]
Halichondria panicea
Myamycin (polyketide)
MRSA
Microbacterium sp.
S. aureus; E. faecalis
Rhodococcus sp.
S. aureus
Streptomyces sp.
S. aureus
Micromonospora sp.
S. aureus; E. faecalis
[8.185]
Plakortis halichondrioides
Plaktoride J (lactone)
M. tuberculosis
[8.186]
Halichondria sp.
Bacillus licheniformis
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, V. cholerae,
MRSA
[8.187]
Cliona viridis
Ethanol extracts
E. coli; B. subtilis; P. flourescens;
S. aureus
[8.188]
Haplosclerida spp.
Pseudovibrio spp.
MRSA
Cliona celata
Ircinia dendroides
Haliclona mediterranea
Haliclona viscosa
Axinella dissimilis, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona simulans
[8.21]
Suberites carnosus
Arthrobacter sp., Pseudovibrio spp.,
Spongiobacter spp.
E. coli; B. subtilis; S. aureus
[8.168]
Hippospongia sp.
Epi-ilimaquinone
MRSA
[8.163]
Xestospongia sp.
Methanol extracts
P. aeruginosa, M. intracellulare
[8.22]
Dysidea granulosa
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
A. hydrophila, V. alginolyticus, V.
parahaemolyticus
[8.189]
Clathria compressa
Organic extract
Gram positive bacteria
[8.190]
Petromica citrina
Aqueous extract
S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis
[8.191]
Agelas mauritiana
Ageloxime B (alkaloid)
MRSA
include complete gene clusters and/or operons, and
cloning the large fragments via bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) or fosmids into a heterologous host
such as E. coli (Fig. 8.5). The generation of large
metagenomic libraries in this way allows for the highthroughput functional screening of the libraries for
desired functions, by culturing the clones on media
incorporating appropriate substrates to reveal phenotypic functions [8.238]. Large-insert BAC and fosmid
clone libraries have to date been constructed from
a wide variety of different marine environmental niches,
including: marine plankton [8.241], seawater [8.242–
Part A | 8.6
Table 8.4 Examples of antibacterial activities from marine sponge aqueous or organic extracts, bacterial or fungal isolates from sponges, or from compounds purified from sponges, bacterial or fungal extracts
Reference Sponge species
Source of activity
Target of activity
[8.182]
Haliclona aff tubifera
Organic extract
E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis
[8.183]
Aplysina aerophoba
Bacillus sp.
E. coli, S. aureus
Melophlus sarassinorum
Melophlins (tetramic acids)
S. aureus, B. subtilis
[8.184]
Brachiaster sp.
Heteronemin (sesterterpene)
M. tuberculosis
[8.160]
Luffariella sp.
Manoalides
S. aureus
[8.150]
Suberites domuncula
˛-Proteobacteria
S. aureus, S. epidermis
[8.10]
Haliclona simulans
Penicillium sp.
B. subtilis; S. aureus
Pezizomycotina sp.
Hypocreales spp.
Phaeosphaeriaceae sp.
[8.20]
Haliclona simulans
Pseudoalteromonas sp., Halomonas
sp., Psychrobacter sp.
B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, MRSA
[8.159]
Siliquariaspongia sp.
Motualevic acid
MRSA
[8.33]
Halichondria panicea
Myamycin (polyketide)
MRSA
Microbacterium sp.
S. aureus; E. faecalis
Rhodococcus sp.
S. aureus
Streptomyces sp.
S. aureus
Micromonospora sp.
S. aureus; E. faecalis
[8.185]
Plakortis halichondrioides
Plaktoride J (lactone)
M. tuberculosis
[8.186]
Halichondria sp.
Bacillus licheniformis
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, V. cholerae,
MRSA
[8.187]
Cliona viridis
Ethanol extracts
E. coli; B. subtilis; P. flourescens;
S. aureus
[8.188]
Haplosclerida spp.
Pseudovibrio spp.
MRSA
Cliona celata
Ircinia dendroides
Haliclona mediterranea
Haliclona viscosa
Axinella dissimilis, Polymastia boletiformis, Haliclona simulans
[8.21]
Suberites carnosus
Arthrobacter sp., Pseudovibrio spp.,
Spongiobacter spp.
E. coli; B. subtilis; S. aureus
[8.168]
Hippospongia sp.
Epi-ilimaquinone
MRSA
[8.163]
Xestospongia sp.
Methanol extracts
P. aeruginosa, M. intracellulare
[8.22]
Dysidea granulosa
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
A. hydrophila, V. alginolyticus, V.
parahaemolyticus
[8.189]
Clathria compressa
Organic extract
Gram positive bacteria
[8.190]
Petromica citrina
Aqueous extract
S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis
[8.191]
Agelas mauritiana
Ageloxime B (alkaloid)
MRSA
include complete gene clusters and/or operons, and
cloning the large fragments via bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) or fosmids into a heterologous host
such as E. coli (Fig. 8.5). The generation of large
metagenomic libraries in this way allows for the highthroughput functional screening of the libraries for
desired functions, by culturing the clones on media
incorporating appropriate substrates to reveal phenotypic functions [8.238]. Large-insert BAC and fosmid
clone libraries have to date been constructed from
a wide variety of different marine environmental niches,
including: marine plankton [8.241], seawater [8.242–