XVIII Contents
4.4
Viral Families in Marine Ecosystems ...................................
36
4.5
Marine Phages ...........................................................
37
4.6
Impact of Marine Viruses on Mollusks .................................
40
4.7
Marine Viruses and Shrimp Aquaculture ..............................
40
4.8
Conclusion ...............................................................
46
References .......................................................................
47
5 Marine Microalgae
Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Masaki Muto, Yue Liang, Tomoko Yoshino,
Tadashi Matsunaga .............................................................
51
5.1
Overview .................................................................
51
5.2
Marine Microalgae.......................................................
52
5.3
Microalgal Genomes.....................................................
53
5.4
Genetic Engineering of Microalgae ....................................
54
5.5
Photobioreactors for Marine Microalgae...............................
57
References .......................................................................
58
6 Seaweed Flora of the European North Atlantic
and Mediterranean
Leonel Pereira ....................................................................
65
6.1
Marine Macroalgae (Seaweeds) ........................................
65
6.2
The Marine Algae and Their Biotechnological Potential .............
67
6.3
Taxonomy and Description of Marine Algae
with Biotechnological Potential........................................
67
References .......................................................................
141
7 Corals
Mohammad Kazem Khalesi ....................................................
179
7.1
Background ..............................................................
179
7.2
Potential Pharmaceuticals from Soft Corals ...........................
180
7.3
Potential Pharmaceuticals from Hard Corals ..........................
196
7.4
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) ................................
197
7.5
Conclusion ...............................................................
197
References .......................................................................
204
8 Marine Sponges – Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Stephen A. Jackson, Jonathan Kennedy, Lekha Menon Margassery,
Burkhardt Flemer, Niall O’Leary, John P. Morrissey, Fergal O’Gara,
Alan D. W. Dobson ...............................................................
219
8.1
Marine Sponges .........................................................
219
8.2
Sponge-Associated Microorganisms ...................................
222
8.3
Symbiotic Functions of Sponge-Associated Microorganisms .........
227
8.4
Biotechnological Potential of Marine Sponges –
Pharmacological Potential..............................................
229
8.5
Exploiting the Pharmacological Potential of Marine Sponges .......
229
8.6
Metagenomic Strategies for Natural Product Discovery...............
230
8.7
Conclusions ..............................................................
243
References .......................................................................
243