XVII
Contents
List of Abbreviations ............................................................. XXXIII
1 Introduction to Marine Biotechnology
Se-Kwon Kim, Jayachandran Venkatesan .....................................
1
1.1
Marine Biotechnology – Definition ....................................
1
1.2
Marine Biotechnology – Tools ..........................................
2
1.3
Marine Sources and Research Areas....................................
4
1.4
Applications of Marine Biotechnology .................................
4
1.5
Research Scope ..........................................................
6
1.6
Organization of the Handbook .........................................
7
References .......................................................................
8
Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
2 Marine Fungal Diversity and Bioprospecting
Kalaiselvam Murugaiyan .......................................................
13
2.1
Preamble .................................................................
13
2.2
Diversity of Fungi ........................................................
14
2.3
Habitats of Fungi in the Marine Ecosystem ...........................
16
2.4
Habitat Characteristics and Their Effect on Fungal Diversity .........
17
2.5
Collection, Isolation, and Identification of Fungi.....................
19
2.6
Bioprospecting of Marine Fungi ........................................
22
2.7
Conclusions ..............................................................
22
References .......................................................................
23
3 Diversity of Marine Phototrophs
Hideaki Miyashita ...............................................................
27
3.1
Traditional Understanding of Primary Producers (1970s)..........
27
3.2
Recognition of Picocyanobacteria Dominance (1970s–2000s) ......
28
3.3
Discovery of Ubiquitous Photoheterotrophs (2000–Current Times) .
29
3.4
Oxygenic Photosynthesis Using Far-Red Light (1990s–2011) .......
30
3.5
Discovery of Picoeukaryotic Phytoplankton (1990s–2011) ..........
30
3.6
Strange Phototrophic(?) Microorganisms (1990–2011) ..............
31
3.7
Diversity of Light Energy Transformation Systems
and Reconsideration of Photosynthesis ...............................
31
3.8
Conclusion ...............................................................
33
References .......................................................................
33
4 Marine Viruses
Jeeva Subbiah ...................................................................
35
4.1
Viruses....................................................................
35
4.2
General Characteristic Features of Viruses .............................
36
4.3
Host Specificity ..........................................................
36