Part A | 6.3
76 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
ones but often also those near the apices) producing
a descending rhizoid from their basal poles, and which
attach to the substrate or other filaments with a terminal
coralloid holdfast; lateral branches mostly wide-angled
(45
ı or more) arising singly (occasionally two) at or
just below a cross wall, with the new wall remaining
steeply inclined to the parent cell [6.173].
Habitat. Common in shaded areas or pools near low
tide level on rough-water coasts but extending into sheltered areas.
Distribution. Warm temperate to tropical Atlantic
coasts of Europe, Africa and America; probably
widespread in tropical and warm temperate waters, and
in southern Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antimicrobial [6.174],
and antifungal activity [6.62].
Cladophora fracta (O.F. Müller ex Vahl) Kützing
Description. Filaments branched; attached by rhizoids, pale green, up to 80 cm long, branching irregular or pseudodichotomously divided at wide angles,
cells mostly cylindrical; chloroplast parietal net-like
with several pyrenoids; main axis up to 85 m wide,
bearing numerous side branches of different lengths;
cells of side branches 1738 m wide, 5 to 17 times
longer than wide, apical cells cylindrical to slightly
conical, 1627 m wide, 3:5 to 25 times longer than
wide [6.175].
Habitat. Frequent in shallow, nutrient-rich ponds and
ditches as well as penetrating slightly brackish-water
habitats; mostly free floating or unattached and lose
lying.
Distribution. NE Atlantic (Sweden to Spain); NW Atlantic; Mediterranean; Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antihypertensive
[6.176], antimycobacterial [6.177], antioxidant [6.178],
antibacterial [6.179, 180], antialgal [6.179], piscidal [6.179] activity, and possible use for biodiesel
production [6.181, 182].
Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing
Description. Plants were up to 20 cm high and light to
dark green in color. The texture of thallus was soft and
slightly mucilage. Plants usually formed in dense tufts
well branched. Rhizoids were primary and adventitious
and descend from the bases of thallus or from the lower
segments of the fronds. Primary branches fused together or not and branched in dichotomous manner. The
old branches in the lower portion of the thallus were
slight constricted articulations (80150 m in width
and 160900 m in length) and usually branched in dichotomous manner. The branches in the upper portion
of thallus were cylindrical (60120 m in width and
100600 m in length) and branched in dichotomous
or trichotomous manner [6.183].
Habitat. Growth of C. glomerata usually requires
hard substrates for attachment, such as rocks, mussels,
and artificial reef structures.
Distribution. Distributed widely around world; NE
Atlantic (Sweden to Portugal); NW Atlantic (Canada
to Cuba and Mexico); SW Atlantic (Brazil); Mediterranean; Indian Ocean, Pacific.
Uses and Compounds. Used on the treatment of
burns [6.184], biosorption of heavy metals [6.185], animal feed [6.186], biodiesel production [6.187], wastewater treatment [6.188], and as food [6.189]. Have antibacterial [6.190–192], antiprotozoal [6.193], antioxidant [6.190, 194], and antifungal activity [6.192, 195].
Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing
Description. Filaments rigid, erect, setaceous, full
dark green, di-tri-chotomous; the axils very acute, the
branches erect; articulations many times longer than
broad; dissepiments only at the forking of the branches
and ramuli [6.196].
Habitat. On the bottoms and sides of deep rock pools,
between tide marks, generally near low-water mark.
Distribution. NE Atlantic (from Ireland and Britain
to Morocco); Mediterranean; SW Atlantic (Brazil);
NE Atlantic (South Africa); Indian Ocean (India);
Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antitumor [6.197]
activity.
Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing
Description. Unattached or basally attached coarse filaments those are usually less than 0:5 mm wide and
35 cm long. The filaments are formed of a single row
of often swollen cells; if attached then by a discoid base
or by rhizoidal outgrowths [6.198].
76 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
ones but often also those near the apices) producing
a descending rhizoid from their basal poles, and which
attach to the substrate or other filaments with a terminal
coralloid holdfast; lateral branches mostly wide-angled
(45
ı or more) arising singly (occasionally two) at or
just below a cross wall, with the new wall remaining
steeply inclined to the parent cell [6.173].
Habitat. Common in shaded areas or pools near low
tide level on rough-water coasts but extending into sheltered areas.
Distribution. Warm temperate to tropical Atlantic
coasts of Europe, Africa and America; probably
widespread in tropical and warm temperate waters, and
in southern Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antimicrobial [6.174],
and antifungal activity [6.62].
Cladophora fracta (O.F. Müller ex Vahl) Kützing
Description. Filaments branched; attached by rhizoids, pale green, up to 80 cm long, branching irregular or pseudodichotomously divided at wide angles,
cells mostly cylindrical; chloroplast parietal net-like
with several pyrenoids; main axis up to 85 m wide,
bearing numerous side branches of different lengths;
cells of side branches 1738 m wide, 5 to 17 times
longer than wide, apical cells cylindrical to slightly
conical, 1627 m wide, 3:5 to 25 times longer than
wide [6.175].
Habitat. Frequent in shallow, nutrient-rich ponds and
ditches as well as penetrating slightly brackish-water
habitats; mostly free floating or unattached and lose
lying.
Distribution. NE Atlantic (Sweden to Spain); NW Atlantic; Mediterranean; Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antihypertensive
[6.176], antimycobacterial [6.177], antioxidant [6.178],
antibacterial [6.179, 180], antialgal [6.179], piscidal [6.179] activity, and possible use for biodiesel
production [6.181, 182].
Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing
Description. Plants were up to 20 cm high and light to
dark green in color. The texture of thallus was soft and
slightly mucilage. Plants usually formed in dense tufts
well branched. Rhizoids were primary and adventitious
and descend from the bases of thallus or from the lower
segments of the fronds. Primary branches fused together or not and branched in dichotomous manner. The
old branches in the lower portion of the thallus were
slight constricted articulations (80150 m in width
and 160900 m in length) and usually branched in dichotomous manner. The branches in the upper portion
of thallus were cylindrical (60120 m in width and
100600 m in length) and branched in dichotomous
or trichotomous manner [6.183].
Habitat. Growth of C. glomerata usually requires
hard substrates for attachment, such as rocks, mussels,
and artificial reef structures.
Distribution. Distributed widely around world; NE
Atlantic (Sweden to Portugal); NW Atlantic (Canada
to Cuba and Mexico); SW Atlantic (Brazil); Mediterranean; Indian Ocean, Pacific.
Uses and Compounds. Used on the treatment of
burns [6.184], biosorption of heavy metals [6.185], animal feed [6.186], biodiesel production [6.187], wastewater treatment [6.188], and as food [6.189]. Have antibacterial [6.190–192], antiprotozoal [6.193], antioxidant [6.190, 194], and antifungal activity [6.192, 195].
Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing
Description. Filaments rigid, erect, setaceous, full
dark green, di-tri-chotomous; the axils very acute, the
branches erect; articulations many times longer than
broad; dissepiments only at the forking of the branches
and ramuli [6.196].
Habitat. On the bottoms and sides of deep rock pools,
between tide marks, generally near low-water mark.
Distribution. NE Atlantic (from Ireland and Britain
to Morocco); Mediterranean; SW Atlantic (Brazil);
NE Atlantic (South Africa); Indian Ocean (India);
Australia.
Uses and Compounds. Have antitumor [6.197]
activity.
Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing
Description. Unattached or basally attached coarse filaments those are usually less than 0:5 mm wide and
35 cm long. The filaments are formed of a single row
of often swollen cells; if attached then by a discoid base
or by rhizoidal outgrowths [6.198].