655
water for distribution and reservation (dams, rivers, wells, cisterns and water mains)
(Henkes 2014). However, the water transposition in this basin has been widely
criticized for its potentially severe environmental impacts (Lima 2013). In addition,
studies demonstrated that the north axis project was designed to benefit economic
development (irrigation of intensive fruit crops) not taking into account sustainable
development (e.g. causing soil degradation by salinization). The execution of the
project has already caused environmental damage and negative social impacts
(Henkes 2014), even before its completion.
Forty-four environmental impacts were identified, being 23 considered more relevant, of which 11 are positive and 12 negative (Stolf et al. 2012). Positive impacts
include increased water supply and security for urban and rural populations,
employment and income in regional economy, reduction of emergency during
drought, boosting agriculture and incorporation of new areas into the production
process, improving water quality in the receiving basins, reduction of rural exodus,
migration, diseases and deaths (Stolf et al. 2012). Negative impacts in the receiving
basins include loss of jobs and income due to land expropriations, changes in composition and biodiversity loss of native aquatic communities, social risks during the
construction phase, interference with indigenous populations and cultural heritage,
pressure on urban infrastructure, loss and fragmentation of ~430 ha of native and
terrestrial wildlife habitats, introduction of non-native species (both aquatic and terrestrial), and modification of the river system (Lima 2013).
20.3.4 Laguna Estuarine Complex
The main anthropogenic impacts in the Laguna Estuarine Complex are related to
basin deforestation and wastewater from agriculture and urban expansions
(Fig. 20.16a–d), which have increased significantly in the recent decades generating
effluents with high organic loads and consequently oxygen consumption
(Fig. 20.16c). The system supports intense seasonal tourism (summer vacations),
artisanal and recreational fishing and agricultural activities. Moreover, urban expansion at coastal areas bordering the lagoon grew aggressively over coastal ecosystems as dunes and wetlands in the last decades (Figs. 20.16b, d, and 20.17 and
Table 20.1).
According the Macrodiagnostic for the Coastal Zones, realized by the Coastal
Management Group of Santa Catarina State (SPG 2010), the urban area around the
system covers 3.5% of the total area (1165.69 km
2
); agriculture (especially rice and
corn) cover 9.5%; pastures 27.2%; reforestation 0.98% and mining 0.04%. The
landscape around the system considerably changed in quality and expended in area
over the last 30 years (Fig. 20.17). In 1985, the urban area covered 30.19 km2,
increasing to 63.08 km
2
in 2010 (Fig. 20.17). Agriculture increased from 71.88 km
2
in 1985 to 227.01 km
2
in 2010, while aquaculture area increased from 0.43 km
2
in
1997 to 9.52 km
2
in 2010.
20 How Can Accurate Landing Stats Help in Designing Better Fisheries…
water for distribution and reservation (dams, rivers, wells, cisterns and water mains)
(Henkes 2014). However, the water transposition in this basin has been widely
criticized for its potentially severe environmental impacts (Lima 2013). In addition,
studies demonstrated that the north axis project was designed to benefit economic
development (irrigation of intensive fruit crops) not taking into account sustainable
development (e.g. causing soil degradation by salinization). The execution of the
project has already caused environmental damage and negative social impacts
(Henkes 2014), even before its completion.
Forty-four environmental impacts were identified, being 23 considered more relevant, of which 11 are positive and 12 negative (Stolf et al. 2012). Positive impacts
include increased water supply and security for urban and rural populations,
employment and income in regional economy, reduction of emergency during
drought, boosting agriculture and incorporation of new areas into the production
process, improving water quality in the receiving basins, reduction of rural exodus,
migration, diseases and deaths (Stolf et al. 2012). Negative impacts in the receiving
basins include loss of jobs and income due to land expropriations, changes in composition and biodiversity loss of native aquatic communities, social risks during the
construction phase, interference with indigenous populations and cultural heritage,
pressure on urban infrastructure, loss and fragmentation of ~430 ha of native and
terrestrial wildlife habitats, introduction of non-native species (both aquatic and terrestrial), and modification of the river system (Lima 2013).
20.3.4 Laguna Estuarine Complex
The main anthropogenic impacts in the Laguna Estuarine Complex are related to
basin deforestation and wastewater from agriculture and urban expansions
(Fig. 20.16a–d), which have increased significantly in the recent decades generating
effluents with high organic loads and consequently oxygen consumption
(Fig. 20.16c). The system supports intense seasonal tourism (summer vacations),
artisanal and recreational fishing and agricultural activities. Moreover, urban expansion at coastal areas bordering the lagoon grew aggressively over coastal ecosystems as dunes and wetlands in the last decades (Figs. 20.16b, d, and 20.17 and
Table 20.1).
According the Macrodiagnostic for the Coastal Zones, realized by the Coastal
Management Group of Santa Catarina State (SPG 2010), the urban area around the
system covers 3.5% of the total area (1165.69 km
2
); agriculture (especially rice and
corn) cover 9.5%; pastures 27.2%; reforestation 0.98% and mining 0.04%. The
landscape around the system considerably changed in quality and expended in area
over the last 30 years (Fig. 20.17). In 1985, the urban area covered 30.19 km2,
increasing to 63.08 km
2
in 2010 (Fig. 20.17). Agriculture increased from 71.88 km
2
in 1985 to 227.01 km
2
in 2010, while aquaculture area increased from 0.43 km
2
in
1997 to 9.52 km
2
in 2010.
20 How Can Accurate Landing Stats Help in Designing Better Fisheries…