144
In 2012 the river from the inland over powered the tidal waves from the sea as the
river cuts through and enlarge the width size of the river. This is probably due to the
heavy rainfall inland as Brunei is the country experiencing tropical climate. These
cause the high density/velocity of river flow capable to carry deposition of smaller
material. Furthermore, in 2013, the sand stretches back towards the sea stabilizing
the coastal area similar to the coastal formation in 2009.
By referring to the graph in Fig. 4.8, in 2012 shows an abnormal received of precipitation compare to the normal precipitation. The highest record data was in
November 2012, where Brunei received the highest precipitation in that year. However,
in 2013 the highest precipitation recorded was in May, but in that year Brunei experience a dry month in January, July and September. Furthermore, the coastal landform
at the Sungai Mangsalut River is proved to be a coastal dynamic process. The change
in coastal landform will constantly change throughout the year due to the rainfall
received. Beaches are sedimentary bodies situated at the land–sea interface and usually made up of non-cohesive particles of mainly sand size, although coarser sediments (such as shingles) are dominant in some specific settings (Bird 1996).
Bird’s statement can explained the reason to the constant changing of coastal
landform. This statement can link to studies done by Davis and FitzGerald that the
coastal landform is driven by the process of waves, currents, tides and climate along
with the process of deposition and erosion.
4.5.1 Features of the Coastal Area at Sungai
Mangsalut (Mangsalut River)
This section will show the snapshot taken during the fieldtrip to Sungai Mangsalut
in 2015. All of the pictures on this section will only related to the coastal environmental scenarios and geomophological features on the changing scenarios of the
Mangsalut River basin area (Figs. 4.9 and 4.10 and Fig 4.18) The below geomorphic
features in the Mangsalut River catchment areas are displaying the changing pattern
in the basin area as well as in the whole catchment area.
4.6 The Past and Present of “Sungai Mangsalut Catchment
Area”
In this section will show the comparison of the Past and Present features. It is aim
to show the changes of the physical environment for Mangsalut river. The methods
used to identify the physical environment is by using map (from 1978 maps of
Brunei), Google Earth, interview with the local people and also by self-trip to the
Mangsalut river. According to Stewart (1986a, b), the post-war (the end of Second
World War in 1945) there is an expansion of the economy in Brunei Darussalam that
has led to high standard of living, better education and improved standard hygiene
and nutrition. Numerous primary and secondary schools have been built (Fig. 4.11).
S.N. Islam and U.A.A.B. Yahya
In 2012 the river from the inland over powered the tidal waves from the sea as the
river cuts through and enlarge the width size of the river. This is probably due to the
heavy rainfall inland as Brunei is the country experiencing tropical climate. These
cause the high density/velocity of river flow capable to carry deposition of smaller
material. Furthermore, in 2013, the sand stretches back towards the sea stabilizing
the coastal area similar to the coastal formation in 2009.
By referring to the graph in Fig. 4.8, in 2012 shows an abnormal received of precipitation compare to the normal precipitation. The highest record data was in
November 2012, where Brunei received the highest precipitation in that year. However,
in 2013 the highest precipitation recorded was in May, but in that year Brunei experience a dry month in January, July and September. Furthermore, the coastal landform
at the Sungai Mangsalut River is proved to be a coastal dynamic process. The change
in coastal landform will constantly change throughout the year due to the rainfall
received. Beaches are sedimentary bodies situated at the land–sea interface and usually made up of non-cohesive particles of mainly sand size, although coarser sediments (such as shingles) are dominant in some specific settings (Bird 1996).
Bird’s statement can explained the reason to the constant changing of coastal
landform. This statement can link to studies done by Davis and FitzGerald that the
coastal landform is driven by the process of waves, currents, tides and climate along
with the process of deposition and erosion.
4.5.1 Features of the Coastal Area at Sungai
Mangsalut (Mangsalut River)
This section will show the snapshot taken during the fieldtrip to Sungai Mangsalut
in 2015. All of the pictures on this section will only related to the coastal environmental scenarios and geomophological features on the changing scenarios of the
Mangsalut River basin area (Figs. 4.9 and 4.10 and Fig 4.18) The below geomorphic
features in the Mangsalut River catchment areas are displaying the changing pattern
in the basin area as well as in the whole catchment area.
4.6 The Past and Present of “Sungai Mangsalut Catchment
Area”
In this section will show the comparison of the Past and Present features. It is aim
to show the changes of the physical environment for Mangsalut river. The methods
used to identify the physical environment is by using map (from 1978 maps of
Brunei), Google Earth, interview with the local people and also by self-trip to the
Mangsalut river. According to Stewart (1986a, b), the post-war (the end of Second
World War in 1945) there is an expansion of the economy in Brunei Darussalam that
has led to high standard of living, better education and improved standard hygiene
and nutrition. Numerous primary and secondary schools have been built (Fig. 4.11).
S.N. Islam and U.A.A.B. Yahya