Contents
XI
10.2 Two Seminal Experiments ......................... 206
10.3 Some Relevant Observations ....................... 208
10.3.1 On Stomatal Mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
10.3.2 Signals and Responses ............................ 211
10.3.3 Hydrology of the Epidermis ....................... 215
10.4 Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 217
10.4.1 Feedback ....................................... 217
10.4.2 Of Bubbles and Balloons ......................... 219
10.4.3 Piers and Vaults ................................. 222
10.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226
References ...................................... 227
11
Direct Observations of Stomatal Movements ......... 231
L. Kappen, G. Schultz, and R. Vanselow
11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
11.2 The Methodical Approach ........................ 233
11.3 General Aspects ................................. 234
11.4 Stomatal Responses .............................. 235
11.4.1 Air-Humidity Response ........................... 235
11.4.2 Response to Changing CO 2 Concentrations of the Air
238
11.4.3 Response to Heat ................................ 241
11.4.4 The Transient Phase and Other Pecularities
of the Stomatal Response ......................... 241
11.5 Conclusions ............. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
References ...................................... 245
12
Carbon Gain in Relation to Water Use:
Photosynthesis in Mangroves ...................... 247
M. C. Ball and J. B. Passioura
12.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247
12.2 Water Relations: Why Be Conservative? ............. 247
12.3 Implications of Conservative Water Use
for Plant Function ............................... 251
12.4 Implications of Conservative Water Use
for Display and Properties of Leaves ............... 254
12.5 Coping with Excessive Light: Another By-Product
of Conservative Water Use ........................ 255
12.6 Into the Future: Coping with Global Increase
In Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration ................ 256
References ...................................... 257
13
Photosynthesis as a Tool for Indicating Temperature
Stress Events .................................... 261
W. Larcher
13.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261