x
Contents
7.3.3 The Radish System: Conclusions .................... 142
7.4 Storage as Related to Resource Availability ........... 142
7.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References ............................... r . • • • • • • 144
8
Gas Exchange and Growth ......................... 147
J. S. Pereira
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.2 How Plants Grow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148
8.3 Photosynthesis and Growth Rates ................... 150
8.4 The Importance of Allocation ...................... 153
8.5 Do Growth Rates Influence Carbon Assimilation? .... 155
8.6 Light Interception by Canopies
and Plant Productivity ............................ 156
8.7 Phenology and Rates of Growth and Photosynthesis .. 159
8.8 Environmental Stresses Change the Relationship
Between Photosynthesis and Growth ................ 162
8.8.1 Water Deficits .................................... 163
8.8.2 Nitrogen Abundance .............................. 166
8.8.3 Temperature Effects ............................... 171
8.9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Appendix: List of Symbols and Definitions .......... 175
References ....................................... 175
Part B: Responses of Photosynthesis to Environmental Factors
9
Internal Coordination of Plant Responses
to Drought and Evaporational Demand .............. 185
R. Losch and E.-D. Schulze
9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.2 Environmental and Plant-Internal Influences
on Transpiration .................................. 185
9.3 Root-Leaf Signals Under Moisture Shortage Contribute
to Drought Avoidance Responses of Leaves .... . . . . . . . 187
9.4 Leaf Anatomy, Canopy Structure,
and Stomatal Function ............................ 195
9.5 Xylem Conductivity and Leaf Conductance .......... 197
9.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References ....................................... 200
10 As to the Mode of Action of the Guard Cells
in Dry Air ....................................... 205
I.R. Cowan
10.1 Introduction...................................... 205
Contents
7.3.3 The Radish System: Conclusions .................... 142
7.4 Storage as Related to Resource Availability ........... 142
7.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References ............................... r . • • • • • • 144
8
Gas Exchange and Growth ......................... 147
J. S. Pereira
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.2 How Plants Grow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148
8.3 Photosynthesis and Growth Rates ................... 150
8.4 The Importance of Allocation ...................... 153
8.5 Do Growth Rates Influence Carbon Assimilation? .... 155
8.6 Light Interception by Canopies
and Plant Productivity ............................ 156
8.7 Phenology and Rates of Growth and Photosynthesis .. 159
8.8 Environmental Stresses Change the Relationship
Between Photosynthesis and Growth ................ 162
8.8.1 Water Deficits .................................... 163
8.8.2 Nitrogen Abundance .............................. 166
8.8.3 Temperature Effects ............................... 171
8.9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Appendix: List of Symbols and Definitions .......... 175
References ....................................... 175
Part B: Responses of Photosynthesis to Environmental Factors
9
Internal Coordination of Plant Responses
to Drought and Evaporational Demand .............. 185
R. Losch and E.-D. Schulze
9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.2 Environmental and Plant-Internal Influences
on Transpiration .................................. 185
9.3 Root-Leaf Signals Under Moisture Shortage Contribute
to Drought Avoidance Responses of Leaves .... . . . . . . . 187
9.4 Leaf Anatomy, Canopy Structure,
and Stomatal Function ............................ 195
9.5 Xylem Conductivity and Leaf Conductance .......... 197
9.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References ....................................... 200
10 As to the Mode of Action of the Guard Cells
in Dry Air ....................................... 205
I.R. Cowan
10.1 Introduction...................................... 205