XII
Contents
13.2 Development of Temperature Stress and Characteristic
Responses of Photosynthesis ...................... 261
13.3 Use of Photosynthetic Responses
for Determining Heat Tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266
13.4. Photosynthetic Function as a Criterion
for Screening Chilling Susceptibility ................ 267
13.5 Assay and Analysis of Freezing Events by Monitoring
Photosynthesis ................................... 269
13.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273
References ...................................... 274
14
Air Pollution, Photosynthesis and Forest Decline:
Interactions and Consequences .................... 279
U. Heber, W. Kaiser, M. Luwe, G. Kindermann,
S. Veljovic-Javonovic, Z. Yin, H. Pfanz, and S. Slovik
14.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279
14.2 Sites of Interaction of Air Pollutants with Plants .... 280
14.3 The Magnitude of Fluxes into Leaves ............... 281
14.4 Toxicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281
14.5 Detoxification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282
14.5.1 The Path of Air Pollutants ........................ 283
14.5.2 The Fate of Nitrogen Oxides ...................... 284
14.5.3 The Fate of Ozone ............................... 285
14.5.4 The Fate of S02 ................................. 286
14.5.5 Acid-Dependent Cation Requirements .............. 288
14.5.6 Interactions Between Different Air Pollutants ........ 289
14.5.7 Interactions with Climatic Conditions .............. 290
14.6 Tolerance Limits ................................. 290
14.7 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 292
References ...................................... 293
Part C: Plant Performance in the Field
15
Photosynthesis in Aquatic Plants
J.A. Raven
299
15.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 299
15.2 Definition of the Aquatic Habitat .................. 299
15.3 The Diversity of Aquatic Plants ................... 299
15.4 Contribution of Aquatic Plants to Global Net Primary
Productivity ..................................... 302
15.5 Photon Absorption and Use by Aquatic Plants ...... 303
15.6 Inorganic Carbon Acquisition by Aquatic Plants:
When Does It Limit Net Productivity? ............. 309