3.10 References
O'Neill, R. V.; Jones, K. B.; Riitters, K. H.; Wickham,
J. D.; Goodman, I. A. 1994. Landscape monitoring
and assessment research plan. Report 620/R-94/009.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency.
O'Neill, R. V.; Hunsaker, C. T.; Jones, K B.; Riitters,
K. H.; Wickham, J. D.; Schwartz, P. M.; Goodman,
I. A.; Jackson, B. L.; Baillargeon, W. S. 1997. Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale.
BioScience 47:513-519.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Cole, C. V.; Ojima, D. S.
1987. Analysis offactors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. J. 51:1173-1179.
Perera, A. H.; Baker, J. A.; Band, L. E.; Baldwin, D. J. B.
1996. A strategic framework to ecoregionalize Ontario. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers:
85-96.
Pickett, S. T. A.; Kolasa, J.; Armesto, J. J.; Collins, S. L.
1989. The ecological concept of disturbance and its
expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos 54:
129-136.
Pielou, E. C. 1979. Ecological diversity. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community
structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns.
Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 46:1805-1818.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1990. Physical habitat template
of lotic systems: recovery in the context of historical
pattern of spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Environ.
Manage. 14:629-645.
Pringle, C. M.; Naiman, R. J.; Bretschko, G.; Karr, J. R.;
Oswood, M. W.; Webster, J. R.; We1comme, R. L.;
Winterboum, M. J. 1988. Patch dynamics in lotic systems: the stream as a mosaic. J. N. Amer. BenthoZ. Soc.
7:503-524.
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., editors. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins: Volume I. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Ricklefs, R. E. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles
oflocal and regional processes. Science 235: 167-17l.
Romme, W. H.; Knight, D. H. 1982. Landscape diversity: the concept applied to Yellowstone Park. BioScience 32:664-670.
Rowe, J. S. 1996. Land classification and ecosystem classification. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka,
K., eds. Global to local ecological land classification.
Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 11-20.
Running, S. W.; Hunt, E. R., Jr. 1993. Generalization of
a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes,
BIOME-BCG, and an application for global-scale
models. In: Ehleringer, J. R.; Field, C., eds. Scaling
processes between leaf and landscape levels. London:
Academic Press: 141-158.
53
Sample, V. A. 1994. Remote sensing and GIS in ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Ojima,
D. S.; Cole, C. V. 1990. Grassland biogeochemistry: links
to atmospheric processes. Climatic Change 17:13-25.
Schimel, D. S.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Terrestrial biogeochemical cycles: global interactions
with the atmosphere and hydrology. Tellus 43(AB):
188-203.
Schimel, D. S.; Emanuel, W.; Rizzo, B.; Smith, T.;
Woodward, F. I.; Fisher, H.; Kittel, T. G. F.; McKeown, R.; Painter, T.; Rosenbloom, N.; Ojima, D. S.;
Parton, W. J.; Kicklighter, D. W.; McGuire, A. D.;
Melillo, J. M.; Pan, Y.; Haxeltine, A.; Prentice, C.;
Sitch, S.; Hibbard, K; Nemani, R.; Pierce, L.; Running, S.; Borchers, J.; Chaney, J.; Neilson, R.;
Braswell, B. H. 1997. Continental scale variability in
ecosystem processes: models, data, and the role of disturbance. Ecol. Monogr. 67(2):251-27l.
Shmida, A.; Wilson, M. V. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. J. Biogeogr. 12: 1-20.
Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka, K, editors. 1996.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based
management. BioScience 43(9):612-622.
Sparks, R. E. 1995. Need for ecosystem management of
large rivers and their floodplains. BioScience 45:168182.
Stewart, J. W. B.; Aselman, I.; Bouwman, A. F.; Desjardins, R. L.; Hicks, B. B.; Matson, P. A.; Rodhe, H.;
Schimel, D. S.; Svensson, B. H.; Wassmann, R.;
Whiticar, M. J.; Yang, W. 1989. Group report: extrapolation of flux measurements to regional and
global scales. In: Andreae, M. 0.; Schimel, D. S., eds.
Dahlem workshop on exchange of trace gases between
terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Berlin:
John Wiley & Sons: 155-174.
Stork, N. E.; Boyle, T. J.; Dale, V.; Eeley, H.; Finegan,
B.; Lawes, M.; Manokaran, N.; Prabhu, R.; Soberon,
J. 1997. Criteria and indicators for assessing the sustainability of forest management: conservation of biodiversity. Working Paper No. 17. Jakarta: Center for
International Forestry Research.
Swanson, F. J.; Kratz, T. K.; Caine, N.; Woodmansee,
R. G. 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns
and processes. BioScience 38:92-98.
Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of
pattern on process. Ann. Rev. EcoZ. Syst. 20:171-197.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of
landscape patterns. Landscape EcoZ. 4:21-30.
Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H. 1991. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: an introduction. In: Turner,
M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds. Quantitative methods in
landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of
environmental heterogeneity. New York: SpringerVerlag: 3-14.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H.; Gardner, R. H. 1989a. Predicting across scales: theory development and testing.
Landscape EcoZ. 3:245-252.
O'Neill, R. V.; Jones, K. B.; Riitters, K. H.; Wickham,
J. D.; Goodman, I. A. 1994. Landscape monitoring
and assessment research plan. Report 620/R-94/009.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency.
O'Neill, R. V.; Hunsaker, C. T.; Jones, K B.; Riitters,
K. H.; Wickham, J. D.; Schwartz, P. M.; Goodman,
I. A.; Jackson, B. L.; Baillargeon, W. S. 1997. Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale.
BioScience 47:513-519.
Parton, W. J.; Schimel, D. S.; Cole, C. V.; Ojima, D. S.
1987. Analysis offactors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. J. 51:1173-1179.
Perera, A. H.; Baker, J. A.; Band, L. E.; Baldwin, D. J. B.
1996. A strategic framework to ecoregionalize Ontario. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers:
85-96.
Pickett, S. T. A.; Kolasa, J.; Armesto, J. J.; Collins, S. L.
1989. The ecological concept of disturbance and its
expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos 54:
129-136.
Pielou, E. C. 1979. Ecological diversity. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community
structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns.
Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 46:1805-1818.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1990. Physical habitat template
of lotic systems: recovery in the context of historical
pattern of spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Environ.
Manage. 14:629-645.
Pringle, C. M.; Naiman, R. J.; Bretschko, G.; Karr, J. R.;
Oswood, M. W.; Webster, J. R.; We1comme, R. L.;
Winterboum, M. J. 1988. Patch dynamics in lotic systems: the stream as a mosaic. J. N. Amer. BenthoZ. Soc.
7:503-524.
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., editors. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins: Volume I. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Ricklefs, R. E. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles
oflocal and regional processes. Science 235: 167-17l.
Romme, W. H.; Knight, D. H. 1982. Landscape diversity: the concept applied to Yellowstone Park. BioScience 32:664-670.
Rowe, J. S. 1996. Land classification and ecosystem classification. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka,
K., eds. Global to local ecological land classification.
Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 11-20.
Running, S. W.; Hunt, E. R., Jr. 1993. Generalization of
a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes,
BIOME-BCG, and an application for global-scale
models. In: Ehleringer, J. R.; Field, C., eds. Scaling
processes between leaf and landscape levels. London:
Academic Press: 141-158.
53
Sample, V. A. 1994. Remote sensing and GIS in ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Schimel, D. S.; Parton, W. J.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Ojima,
D. S.; Cole, C. V. 1990. Grassland biogeochemistry: links
to atmospheric processes. Climatic Change 17:13-25.
Schimel, D. S.; Kittel, T. G. F.; Parton, W. J. 1991. Terrestrial biogeochemical cycles: global interactions
with the atmosphere and hydrology. Tellus 43(AB):
188-203.
Schimel, D. S.; Emanuel, W.; Rizzo, B.; Smith, T.;
Woodward, F. I.; Fisher, H.; Kittel, T. G. F.; McKeown, R.; Painter, T.; Rosenbloom, N.; Ojima, D. S.;
Parton, W. J.; Kicklighter, D. W.; McGuire, A. D.;
Melillo, J. M.; Pan, Y.; Haxeltine, A.; Prentice, C.;
Sitch, S.; Hibbard, K; Nemani, R.; Pierce, L.; Running, S.; Borchers, J.; Chaney, J.; Neilson, R.;
Braswell, B. H. 1997. Continental scale variability in
ecosystem processes: models, data, and the role of disturbance. Ecol. Monogr. 67(2):251-27l.
Shmida, A.; Wilson, M. V. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. J. Biogeogr. 12: 1-20.
Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W.; Klinka, K, editors. 1996.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrect, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based
management. BioScience 43(9):612-622.
Sparks, R. E. 1995. Need for ecosystem management of
large rivers and their floodplains. BioScience 45:168182.
Stewart, J. W. B.; Aselman, I.; Bouwman, A. F.; Desjardins, R. L.; Hicks, B. B.; Matson, P. A.; Rodhe, H.;
Schimel, D. S.; Svensson, B. H.; Wassmann, R.;
Whiticar, M. J.; Yang, W. 1989. Group report: extrapolation of flux measurements to regional and
global scales. In: Andreae, M. 0.; Schimel, D. S., eds.
Dahlem workshop on exchange of trace gases between
terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Berlin:
John Wiley & Sons: 155-174.
Stork, N. E.; Boyle, T. J.; Dale, V.; Eeley, H.; Finegan,
B.; Lawes, M.; Manokaran, N.; Prabhu, R.; Soberon,
J. 1997. Criteria and indicators for assessing the sustainability of forest management: conservation of biodiversity. Working Paper No. 17. Jakarta: Center for
International Forestry Research.
Swanson, F. J.; Kratz, T. K.; Caine, N.; Woodmansee,
R. G. 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns
and processes. BioScience 38:92-98.
Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of
pattern on process. Ann. Rev. EcoZ. Syst. 20:171-197.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of
landscape patterns. Landscape EcoZ. 4:21-30.
Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H. 1991. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: an introduction. In: Turner,
M. G.; Gardner, R. H., eds. Quantitative methods in
landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of
environmental heterogeneity. New York: SpringerVerlag: 3-14.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H.; Gardner, R. H. 1989a. Predicting across scales: theory development and testing.
Landscape EcoZ. 3:245-252.