52
Environ. Protect. Agency, Project Plan Ecological
Monitoring and Assessment Program 620/R-95/003.
Kay, J. J. 1991. A nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework for discussing ecosystem integrity. Environ.
Manage. 15:483-495.
Keane, R. E.; Morgan, P.; Running, S. W. 1996. FlREBGC-a mechanistic ecological process model for
simulating fire succession on coniferous forest landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains. INT-RP484. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Klijn, F., editor. 1994. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Ecology and environment.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kuchler, A W. 1973. Problems in classifying and mapping vegetation for ecological regionalization. Ecology 54:512-523.
Kuchler, A. W.; Zonneveld, I. S., editors. 1988. Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Lachowski, H.; Maus, P.; Platt, B. 1992. Integrating remote sensing with GIS. J. For. 90: 16--21.
Lathrop, R. G.; Peterson, D. L. 1992. Identifying structural self-similarity in mountainous landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 6:233-238.
Lessard, G. 1995. A national framework for integrated
ecological assessments. Washington, DC: Federal InterAgency Working Group.
Lessard, G.; Jensen, M.; Crespi, M.; Bourgeron, P. 1999.
A general framework for integrated ecological assessments. In: Cordel, H. K.; Bergstrom, J. c., eds. Integrating social sciences with ecosystem management:
human dimensions in assessment policy and management. Champaign-Urbana, IL: Sagamore: 35-60.
Levin, S. A 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in
ecology. Ecology 73: 1942-1968.
Ligon, F. K.; Dietrich, W. E.; Trush, W. J. 1995. Downstream ecological effects of dams: a geomorphic perspective. BioScience 45: 183-192.
Lubchenco, J.; Olson, A. M.; Brubaker, L. B.; Carpenter, S. R.; Holland, M. M.; Hubbell, S. P.; Levin,
S. A.; MacMahon, J. A; Matson, P. A; Melillo, J. M.;
Mooney, H. A.; Peterson, C. H.; Pulliam, H. R.; Real,
L. A; Regal, P. J.; Risser, P. G. 1991. The sustainable
biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda.
Ecology 72(2):371-412.
Mackey, B. G.; Nix, H. A; Hutchinson, M. F.; MacMahon, J. P.; Fleming, P. M. 1988. Assessing representativeness of places for conservation reservation and
heritage listing. Environ. Manage. 12(4):501-514.
Margules, C. R.; Nicholls, A 0.; Austin, M. P. 1987.
Diversity of eucalyptus species predicted by a multivariable environmental gradient. Oecologia (Berl.)
71 :229-232.
Maxwell, J. R.; Edwards, C. 1.; Jensen, M. E.; Paustian,
S. J.; Parrott, H.; Hill, D. M. 1995. A hierarchical
framework of aquatic ecological units in North America. NC-GTR-176. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecol. Monogr. 55:259-294.
Minshall, G. W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global
perspective. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:263-288.
Minshall, G. W. 1994. Stream-riparian ecosystems: rationale and methods for basin-level assessments of
management effects. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P.
S., eds. Volume /I: ecosystem management: principles
and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.:
143-167.
Mitchell, V. L. 1976. The regionalization of climate in
the western United States. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15:920927.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E. 1994. Ecological perspective: current and potential applications of remote sensing and GIS for ecosystem analysis. In: Sample,
V. A., ed. Remote sensing and GIS in ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island Press: 145-180.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Pastor, J. 1993. Sustainable forest
ecosystems in the northern hardwood and conifer region: concepts and management. In: Aplet, G.; Olson,
J. T.; Johnson, N.; Sample, V. A., eds. Defining sustainable forestry. Washington, DC: Island Press:
145-180.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Niemi, G. H.; White, M. A. 1997. Effects of changing landscape pattern and U.S.G.S. land
cover data variability on ecoregion discrimination
across a forest-agriculture gradient. Landscape Ecol.
12:379-396.
Naiman, R. J. 1988. Animal influences on ecosystem dynamics. BioScience 38:750-752.
Neilson, R. P.; King, G. A.; DeVelice, R. L.; Lenihan,
J.; Marks, D.; Dolph, 1.; Campbell, W.; Glick, G. 1989.
Sensitivity of ecological landscapes and regions to
global climatic change. EPAl600/3-89-073, NTISPB90-120-072/AS. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior.
Nicholls, A. O. 1991a. An introduction to statistical modelling using GUM. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin,
M. P., eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization: 191-201.
Nicholls, A. O. 1991b. Examples of the use of generalized linear models in analysis of survey data for conservation evaluation. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin,
M. P., eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization: 54-63.
O'Hara, K. L.; Lathan, P. A.; Hessburg, P.; Smith, B. G.
1996. A structural classification for inland Northwest
forest vegetation. West. J. ApPI. For. 11(3):97-102.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 77(1):118125.
O'Neill, R. V.; DeAngelis, D. L.; Waide, J. B.; Allen,
T. F. H. 1986. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Environ. Protect. Agency, Project Plan Ecological
Monitoring and Assessment Program 620/R-95/003.
Kay, J. J. 1991. A nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework for discussing ecosystem integrity. Environ.
Manage. 15:483-495.
Keane, R. E.; Morgan, P.; Running, S. W. 1996. FlREBGC-a mechanistic ecological process model for
simulating fire succession on coniferous forest landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains. INT-RP484. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta.
Klijn, F., editor. 1994. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Ecology and environment.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kuchler, A W. 1973. Problems in classifying and mapping vegetation for ecological regionalization. Ecology 54:512-523.
Kuchler, A. W.; Zonneveld, I. S., editors. 1988. Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Lachowski, H.; Maus, P.; Platt, B. 1992. Integrating remote sensing with GIS. J. For. 90: 16--21.
Lathrop, R. G.; Peterson, D. L. 1992. Identifying structural self-similarity in mountainous landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 6:233-238.
Lessard, G. 1995. A national framework for integrated
ecological assessments. Washington, DC: Federal InterAgency Working Group.
Lessard, G.; Jensen, M.; Crespi, M.; Bourgeron, P. 1999.
A general framework for integrated ecological assessments. In: Cordel, H. K.; Bergstrom, J. c., eds. Integrating social sciences with ecosystem management:
human dimensions in assessment policy and management. Champaign-Urbana, IL: Sagamore: 35-60.
Levin, S. A 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in
ecology. Ecology 73: 1942-1968.
Ligon, F. K.; Dietrich, W. E.; Trush, W. J. 1995. Downstream ecological effects of dams: a geomorphic perspective. BioScience 45: 183-192.
Lubchenco, J.; Olson, A. M.; Brubaker, L. B.; Carpenter, S. R.; Holland, M. M.; Hubbell, S. P.; Levin,
S. A.; MacMahon, J. A; Matson, P. A; Melillo, J. M.;
Mooney, H. A.; Peterson, C. H.; Pulliam, H. R.; Real,
L. A; Regal, P. J.; Risser, P. G. 1991. The sustainable
biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda.
Ecology 72(2):371-412.
Mackey, B. G.; Nix, H. A; Hutchinson, M. F.; MacMahon, J. P.; Fleming, P. M. 1988. Assessing representativeness of places for conservation reservation and
heritage listing. Environ. Manage. 12(4):501-514.
Margules, C. R.; Nicholls, A 0.; Austin, M. P. 1987.
Diversity of eucalyptus species predicted by a multivariable environmental gradient. Oecologia (Berl.)
71 :229-232.
Maxwell, J. R.; Edwards, C. 1.; Jensen, M. E.; Paustian,
S. J.; Parrott, H.; Hill, D. M. 1995. A hierarchical
framework of aquatic ecological units in North America. NC-GTR-176. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecol. Monogr. 55:259-294.
Minshall, G. W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global
perspective. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:263-288.
Minshall, G. W. 1994. Stream-riparian ecosystems: rationale and methods for basin-level assessments of
management effects. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P.
S., eds. Volume /I: ecosystem management: principles
and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.:
143-167.
Mitchell, V. L. 1976. The regionalization of climate in
the western United States. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15:920927.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E. 1994. Ecological perspective: current and potential applications of remote sensing and GIS for ecosystem analysis. In: Sample,
V. A., ed. Remote sensing and GIS in ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island Press: 145-180.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Pastor, J. 1993. Sustainable forest
ecosystems in the northern hardwood and conifer region: concepts and management. In: Aplet, G.; Olson,
J. T.; Johnson, N.; Sample, V. A., eds. Defining sustainable forestry. Washington, DC: Island Press:
145-180.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Niemi, G. H.; White, M. A. 1997. Effects of changing landscape pattern and U.S.G.S. land
cover data variability on ecoregion discrimination
across a forest-agriculture gradient. Landscape Ecol.
12:379-396.
Naiman, R. J. 1988. Animal influences on ecosystem dynamics. BioScience 38:750-752.
Neilson, R. P.; King, G. A.; DeVelice, R. L.; Lenihan,
J.; Marks, D.; Dolph, 1.; Campbell, W.; Glick, G. 1989.
Sensitivity of ecological landscapes and regions to
global climatic change. EPAl600/3-89-073, NTISPB90-120-072/AS. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior.
Nicholls, A. O. 1991a. An introduction to statistical modelling using GUM. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin,
M. P., eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization: 191-201.
Nicholls, A. O. 1991b. Examples of the use of generalized linear models in analysis of survey data for conservation evaluation. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin,
M. P., eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization: 54-63.
O'Hara, K. L.; Lathan, P. A.; Hessburg, P.; Smith, B. G.
1996. A structural classification for inland Northwest
forest vegetation. West. J. ApPI. For. 11(3):97-102.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 77(1):118125.
O'Neill, R. V.; DeAngelis, D. L.; Waide, J. B.; Allen,
T. F. H. 1986. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.