54
Turner, M. G.; O'Neill, R. V.; Gardner, R. H.; Milne,
B. T. 1989b. Effect of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern. Landscape Eco/. 3:153-162.
Turner, M. G.; Hargrove, W. H.; Gardner, R. H.; Rornme,
W. H. 1994. Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. J. Veg.
Sci. 5:731-742.
Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H.; O'Neill, R. V. 1995. Ecological dynamics at broad scales. BioScience 45:S29S35.
Uhlig, P. W. c.; Jordan, J. K. 1996. A spatial hierarchical framework for the co-management of ecosystems
in Canada and the United States for the upper Great
Lakes region. Environ. Manit. Assess. 39:59-73.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1987.
Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can
help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience
37:119-127.
VEMAP members. 1995. Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project (VEMAP): comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses
to climate change and CO2 doubling. Biogeochem. Cycles 9:407-438.
Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. EcoZ. 35:1-22.
Wessman, C. A. 1992. Spatial scales and global change:
bridging the gap from plots to GCM grid cells. Ann.
Rev. Eco!. Syst. 23:175-200.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of
species diversity. Taxon 21:213-351.
Wickham, J. D.; Riitters, K. H. 1995. Sensitivity oflandscape metrics to pixel size. Int. J. Remote Sens.
16:3585-3594.
Wickham, J. D.; O'Neill, R. V.; Riitters, K. H.; Wade,
T. G.; Jones, K. B. 1997. Sensitivity of selected landscape pattern metrics to land-cover misclassification
and differences in land-cover composition. Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S. 63:397-402.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct.
Ecol. 3:385-397.
Wolter, P. T.; Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Crow, T. R.
1995. Improved forest classification in the Lake States
using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Photogramm.
Eng. Remote Sensing 61:1129-1143.
Woodward, F. I. 1987. Climate and plant distribution.
London: Cambridge University Press.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1988. Basic principles of land evaluation using vegetation and other land attributes. In:
Kuchler, A. W.; Zonneveld, I. S., eds. Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 499-517.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1989. The land unit-a fundamental
concept in landscape ecology, and its applications.
Landscape Eco!. 3(2):67-89.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1994. Basic principles of classification.
In: Klijn, F., ed. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Dordrect, The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers: 23-47.
Turner, M. G.; O'Neill, R. V.; Gardner, R. H.; Milne,
B. T. 1989b. Effect of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern. Landscape Eco/. 3:153-162.
Turner, M. G.; Hargrove, W. H.; Gardner, R. H.; Rornme,
W. H. 1994. Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. J. Veg.
Sci. 5:731-742.
Turner, M. G.; Gardner, R. H.; O'Neill, R. V. 1995. Ecological dynamics at broad scales. BioScience 45:S29S35.
Uhlig, P. W. c.; Jordan, J. K. 1996. A spatial hierarchical framework for the co-management of ecosystems
in Canada and the United States for the upper Great
Lakes region. Environ. Manit. Assess. 39:59-73.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1987.
Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can
help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience
37:119-127.
VEMAP members. 1995. Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project (VEMAP): comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses
to climate change and CO2 doubling. Biogeochem. Cycles 9:407-438.
Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. EcoZ. 35:1-22.
Wessman, C. A. 1992. Spatial scales and global change:
bridging the gap from plots to GCM grid cells. Ann.
Rev. Eco!. Syst. 23:175-200.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of
species diversity. Taxon 21:213-351.
Wickham, J. D.; Riitters, K. H. 1995. Sensitivity oflandscape metrics to pixel size. Int. J. Remote Sens.
16:3585-3594.
Wickham, J. D.; O'Neill, R. V.; Riitters, K. H.; Wade,
T. G.; Jones, K. B. 1997. Sensitivity of selected landscape pattern metrics to land-cover misclassification
and differences in land-cover composition. Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S. 63:397-402.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct.
Ecol. 3:385-397.
Wolter, P. T.; Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Crow, T. R.
1995. Improved forest classification in the Lake States
using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Photogramm.
Eng. Remote Sensing 61:1129-1143.
Woodward, F. I. 1987. Climate and plant distribution.
London: Cambridge University Press.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1988. Basic principles of land evaluation using vegetation and other land attributes. In:
Kuchler, A. W.; Zonneveld, I. S., eds. Vegetation mapping. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 499-517.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1989. The land unit-a fundamental
concept in landscape ecology, and its applications.
Landscape Eco!. 3(2):67-89.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1994. Basic principles of classification.
In: Klijn, F., ed. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Dordrect, The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers: 23-47.