530
Ecosystem management
adaptive, 3-5
decision support systems ( EM-DSS), 162-183
definitions of, 2, 136
evolving philosophies of, 14-15
goals of, 15-16
hierarchy theory, 2-3, 19,29-32,41
implementing, 16-17,513-526
limits to predictability, 3
system dynamics, 3
Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS),
173
Ecotones, 206
Effectiveness monitoring, 4
Electronic blackboards, 127
El Nino-La Nina, 381-382
EMAP (U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program), 73
Endangered Species Act, 520
ENSO events, 381-382
Entropy measure, 212
Environmental determinism, 416-417
Environmental effects, 224
Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory (EVRI),
222
EPAlUSGS North Amcrican Landscape
Characterization, 139
Equilibrium. See Stability
EROS Data Center (EDC), 95, 139, 142
Erosional process, of aquatic assessment, 375-379
Estuarine classification, 360
Exchange and transfer, in spatial analysis, 189
Existential soil, 432
Experimental design, 81
Expert systems, 127
Exploitation, as a stage in forest ecosystem growth, 63
Exploratory test data (EDA), 191
Extent
and design objectives, 93
and disturbance, 340-341
impact on analysis, 48
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 236-237
EZ-IMPACT, 174
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 74,
113-114, 137, 157
Federal Information Processing Standards, 157
Federal Land Policy Management Act, 520
File transfer protocol (FTP), 117
Fire
and erosion, 376
histories, 274-275
remote sensing and, 146-148
simulation modeling and, 348
suppression, 345-346
FIRE-BGC,264
FIRESUM, 264
Flood events, 275
Flow record, 370
FORCLIM, 260
Forecasting, 316
FOREST-BGC, 264, 267
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), 96, 493
Forest Inventory and Monitoring (FIM), 144
Forest-level planning
DEFINITE, 174
EZ-IMPACT,174
FORPLAN, 174, 262
FORPLAN/SPECTRUM, 174
SPECTRUM, 174
Fractals, 127
Index
current applications in landscape ecology, 202-205
definition of, 201-202
fractal analysis example, 205-206
fractal fragmentation of habitat into patches, 205
Frequency, as a characteristic of disturbances, 341
Freshwater ecosystems, assessment of biotic patterns
in, 390-403
Function, of landscapes, 33-34
Functional service modules, 176
Fuzzy modeling approach
adaptive, 217-218
applications to ecological assessment, 215
basis of fuzzy mathematics, 214-215
classifications in, 216-217
comprehensive assessment model, 218
fuzziness defined, 43, 211-212
uncertainty and, 212-213
GAIA, 416
GAP Analysis Program, 95, 142, 153, 294, 322,412
Gap models, 260-261
Gap-phase regeneration, 260
Geary's c, 194
GEMS, 109
Generalized additive models (GAMs), 102
Generalized linear models (GLMs), 102
Geoclimatic settings, 353, 354-355
Geologic evolution, 368
Geologic processes, and aquatic assessment, 369
Geomorphic pattern, 324
Geomorphic perspectives, of aquatic assessment, 367-369
Geospatial information, 136-137
GIS Core Curriculum Web site, 151
GIS (geographic information systems)
advantages of, 73
core data, 135
data analysis, 156-157
data layers, 95
data sources, 152-156
description of, 151-152
evolution of, 71
information input, 156-157
information output, 157-158
and institutional issues, 152
integration and, 126
and regional plot databases, 96
use in assessing disturbances, 347-348
use in assessing human activity, 404
weaknesses in, 49
Global positioning system (GPS), 126, 135
Global warming, 338
Ecosystem management
adaptive, 3-5
decision support systems ( EM-DSS), 162-183
definitions of, 2, 136
evolving philosophies of, 14-15
goals of, 15-16
hierarchy theory, 2-3, 19,29-32,41
implementing, 16-17,513-526
limits to predictability, 3
system dynamics, 3
Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS),
173
Ecotones, 206
Effectiveness monitoring, 4
Electronic blackboards, 127
El Nino-La Nina, 381-382
EMAP (U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program), 73
Endangered Species Act, 520
ENSO events, 381-382
Entropy measure, 212
Environmental determinism, 416-417
Environmental effects, 224
Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory (EVRI),
222
EPAlUSGS North Amcrican Landscape
Characterization, 139
Equilibrium. See Stability
EROS Data Center (EDC), 95, 139, 142
Erosional process, of aquatic assessment, 375-379
Estuarine classification, 360
Exchange and transfer, in spatial analysis, 189
Existential soil, 432
Experimental design, 81
Expert systems, 127
Exploitation, as a stage in forest ecosystem growth, 63
Exploratory test data (EDA), 191
Extent
and design objectives, 93
and disturbance, 340-341
impact on analysis, 48
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 236-237
EZ-IMPACT, 174
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 74,
113-114, 137, 157
Federal Information Processing Standards, 157
Federal Land Policy Management Act, 520
File transfer protocol (FTP), 117
Fire
and erosion, 376
histories, 274-275
remote sensing and, 146-148
simulation modeling and, 348
suppression, 345-346
FIRE-BGC,264
FIRESUM, 264
Flood events, 275
Flow record, 370
FORCLIM, 260
Forecasting, 316
FOREST-BGC, 264, 267
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), 96, 493
Forest Inventory and Monitoring (FIM), 144
Forest-level planning
DEFINITE, 174
EZ-IMPACT,174
FORPLAN, 174, 262
FORPLAN/SPECTRUM, 174
SPECTRUM, 174
Fractals, 127
Index
current applications in landscape ecology, 202-205
definition of, 201-202
fractal analysis example, 205-206
fractal fragmentation of habitat into patches, 205
Frequency, as a characteristic of disturbances, 341
Freshwater ecosystems, assessment of biotic patterns
in, 390-403
Function, of landscapes, 33-34
Functional service modules, 176
Fuzzy modeling approach
adaptive, 217-218
applications to ecological assessment, 215
basis of fuzzy mathematics, 214-215
classifications in, 216-217
comprehensive assessment model, 218
fuzziness defined, 43, 211-212
uncertainty and, 212-213
GAIA, 416
GAP Analysis Program, 95, 142, 153, 294, 322,412
Gap models, 260-261
Gap-phase regeneration, 260
Geary's c, 194
GEMS, 109
Generalized additive models (GAMs), 102
Generalized linear models (GLMs), 102
Geoclimatic settings, 353, 354-355
Geologic evolution, 368
Geologic processes, and aquatic assessment, 369
Geomorphic pattern, 324
Geomorphic perspectives, of aquatic assessment, 367-369
Geospatial information, 136-137
GIS Core Curriculum Web site, 151
GIS (geographic information systems)
advantages of, 73
core data, 135
data analysis, 156-157
data layers, 95
data sources, 152-156
description of, 151-152
evolution of, 71
information input, 156-157
information output, 157-158
and institutional issues, 152
integration and, 126
and regional plot databases, 96
use in assessing disturbances, 347-348
use in assessing human activity, 404
weaknesses in, 49
Global positioning system (GPS), 126, 135
Global warming, 338