402
Murphy, K. J.; Rorslett, B.; Springuel, I. 1990. Strategy
analysis of submerged lake macrophyte communities:
an international example. Aquat. Bot. 36:303-323.
Naiman, R. J.; Lozarich, D. G.; Beechie, T. J.; Ralph,
S. C. 1992. General principles of classification and the
assessment of conservation potential. In: Boon, P. J.;
Calow, P.; Petts, G. E., eds. River conservation and
management. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 93-123.
Naiman, R. J.; Magnuson, J. J.; McKnight, D. M.; Stanford, J. A., editors. 1995. Freshwater imperative: a research agenda. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Nehlsen, W.; Lichatowich, J. A.; Williams, J. E. 1991.
Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from
California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries
16(2):4--21.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr.77:118-125.
Omernik, J. M.; Bailey, R. G. 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions. 1. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 33:935-949.
Plante, c.; Downing, J. A. 1993. Relationship of salmonine production to lake trophic status and temperature.
Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 50: 1324--1328.
Poff, N. L. 1996. A hydrogeography of unregulated
streams in the United States and an examination of
scale-dependence in some hydrological descriptors.
Freshwater BioI. 36:606-627.
Poff, N. L. 1997. Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in
stream ecology. 1. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 16:391--409.
Poff, N. L.; Allan, J. D. 1995. Functional organization
of stream fish assemblages in relation to hydrologic
variability. Ecology 76:606-627.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community
structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns.
Can. 1. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1805-1818.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1990. The physical habitat template of lotic ecosystems: recovery in the context of
historical pattern of spatio-temporal heterogeneity.
Environ. Manage. 14:629-646.
Poff, N. L.; Allan, J. D.; Bain, M. B.; Karr, J. R.; Prestegaard, K. L.; Richter, B. D.; Sparks, R. E.; Stromberg,
J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime: a paradigm for
river conservation and restoration. BioScience 47:
769-784.
Poole, G. c.; Frissell, C. A.; Ralph, S. C. 1997. In-stream
habitat unit classification: inadequacies for monitoring and some consequences for management. 1. Amer.
Water Resour. Assoc. 33:879-896.
Power, M. E.; Tilman, D.; Estes, J. A.; Menge, B. A.;
Bond, W. J.; Mills, L. S.; Daily, G.; Castilla, U. C.;
Lubchenco, J.; Paine, R. T. 1996. Challenges in the
quest for keystones. BioScience 46:609-620.
Pringle, C. M. 1997. Exploring how disturbance is transmitted upstream: going against the flow. 1. N. Amer.
Benthol. Soc. 16:425--438.
Pringle, C. M.; Naiman, R. J.; Bretschko, G.; Karr, J. R.;
Oswood, M. W.; Webster, J. R.; We1comme, R. L.;
Winterbourne, M. J. 1988. Patch dynamics in lotic
Assessment of Biotic Patterns in Freshwater Ecosystems
ecosystems: the stream as mosaic. 1. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:411--428.
Quinn, J. M.; Hickey, C. W. 1990. Magnitude of effects
of substrate particle size, recent flooding, and watershed development on benthic invertebrates in 88 New
Zealand rivers. N. Z. 1. Freshwater Mar. Res. 24:411428.
Ratner, S.; Lande, R.; Roper, B. B. 1997. Population viability analysis of spring Chinook salmon in the South
Umpqua River, Oregon. Conserv. Bioi. 11:879-889.
Reavie, E. D.; Smol, J. P.; Carmichael, N. B. 1995. Postsettlement eutrophication of six British Columbia
(Canada) lakes. Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 52:23882401.
Richards, C.; Johnson, L. B.; Host, G. E. 1996. Landscape-scale influences on stream habitats. Can. 1.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53 (Supplement 1):295-311.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Powell, J.; Braun, D.
P. 1996. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration
within ecosystems. Conserv. Bioi. 10:1163-1174.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Wigington, R.; Braun,
D. P. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater BioI. 37:231-249.
Rieman, B. E.; McIntyre, J. D. 1993. Demographic and
habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout.
INT-GTR-302. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Rieman, B. E.; McIntyre, J. D. 1995. Occurrence of bull
trout in naturally fragmented habitat patches of various size. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 124:285-296.
Roth, N. E.; Allan, J. D.; Erickson, D. L. 1996. Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at
mUltiple spatial scales. Landscape Ecol. 11:141-156.
Ruggiero, L. F.; Hayward, G. D.; Squires, J. R. 1994.
Viability analysis in biological evaluations: concepts
of population viability analysis, biological population,
and ecological scale. Conserv. BioI. 8:364-372.
Schlosser, 1. J. 1990. Environmental variation, life history attributes, and community structure in stream
fishes: implications for environmental management
assessment. Environ. Manage. 14:621-628.
Schlosser, 1. J. 1991. Stream fish ecology: a landscape
perspective. BioScience 41:704--712.
Sedell, J. R.; Reeves, G. H.; Hauer, F. R.; Stanford,
J. A.; Hawkins, C. P. 1990. Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: modem fragmented and disconnected river systems. Environ. Manage. 14:711724.
Sheldon, A. L. 1988. Conservation of stream fishes: patterns of diversity, rarity and risk. Conserv. Bioi. 2:
149-156.
Smol, J. P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. 1983. Cultural
disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada. Hydrobiologia 103:125130.
Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitata, the templet for ecological strategies. 1. Anim. Ecol. 46:337-365.
Spencer, C. N.; McClelland, B. R.; Stanford, J. A. 1991.
Shrimp stocking, salmon collapse, and eagle displacement. BioScience 41: 14-21.
Murphy, K. J.; Rorslett, B.; Springuel, I. 1990. Strategy
analysis of submerged lake macrophyte communities:
an international example. Aquat. Bot. 36:303-323.
Naiman, R. J.; Lozarich, D. G.; Beechie, T. J.; Ralph,
S. C. 1992. General principles of classification and the
assessment of conservation potential. In: Boon, P. J.;
Calow, P.; Petts, G. E., eds. River conservation and
management. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 93-123.
Naiman, R. J.; Magnuson, J. J.; McKnight, D. M.; Stanford, J. A., editors. 1995. Freshwater imperative: a research agenda. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Nehlsen, W.; Lichatowich, J. A.; Williams, J. E. 1991.
Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from
California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries
16(2):4--21.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr.77:118-125.
Omernik, J. M.; Bailey, R. G. 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions. 1. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 33:935-949.
Plante, c.; Downing, J. A. 1993. Relationship of salmonine production to lake trophic status and temperature.
Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 50: 1324--1328.
Poff, N. L. 1996. A hydrogeography of unregulated
streams in the United States and an examination of
scale-dependence in some hydrological descriptors.
Freshwater BioI. 36:606-627.
Poff, N. L. 1997. Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in
stream ecology. 1. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 16:391--409.
Poff, N. L.; Allan, J. D. 1995. Functional organization
of stream fish assemblages in relation to hydrologic
variability. Ecology 76:606-627.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community
structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns.
Can. 1. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1805-1818.
Poff, N. L.; Ward, J. V. 1990. The physical habitat template of lotic ecosystems: recovery in the context of
historical pattern of spatio-temporal heterogeneity.
Environ. Manage. 14:629-646.
Poff, N. L.; Allan, J. D.; Bain, M. B.; Karr, J. R.; Prestegaard, K. L.; Richter, B. D.; Sparks, R. E.; Stromberg,
J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime: a paradigm for
river conservation and restoration. BioScience 47:
769-784.
Poole, G. c.; Frissell, C. A.; Ralph, S. C. 1997. In-stream
habitat unit classification: inadequacies for monitoring and some consequences for management. 1. Amer.
Water Resour. Assoc. 33:879-896.
Power, M. E.; Tilman, D.; Estes, J. A.; Menge, B. A.;
Bond, W. J.; Mills, L. S.; Daily, G.; Castilla, U. C.;
Lubchenco, J.; Paine, R. T. 1996. Challenges in the
quest for keystones. BioScience 46:609-620.
Pringle, C. M. 1997. Exploring how disturbance is transmitted upstream: going against the flow. 1. N. Amer.
Benthol. Soc. 16:425--438.
Pringle, C. M.; Naiman, R. J.; Bretschko, G.; Karr, J. R.;
Oswood, M. W.; Webster, J. R.; We1comme, R. L.;
Winterbourne, M. J. 1988. Patch dynamics in lotic
Assessment of Biotic Patterns in Freshwater Ecosystems
ecosystems: the stream as mosaic. 1. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:411--428.
Quinn, J. M.; Hickey, C. W. 1990. Magnitude of effects
of substrate particle size, recent flooding, and watershed development on benthic invertebrates in 88 New
Zealand rivers. N. Z. 1. Freshwater Mar. Res. 24:411428.
Ratner, S.; Lande, R.; Roper, B. B. 1997. Population viability analysis of spring Chinook salmon in the South
Umpqua River, Oregon. Conserv. Bioi. 11:879-889.
Reavie, E. D.; Smol, J. P.; Carmichael, N. B. 1995. Postsettlement eutrophication of six British Columbia
(Canada) lakes. Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 52:23882401.
Richards, C.; Johnson, L. B.; Host, G. E. 1996. Landscape-scale influences on stream habitats. Can. 1.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53 (Supplement 1):295-311.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Powell, J.; Braun, D.
P. 1996. A method for assessing hydrologic alteration
within ecosystems. Conserv. Bioi. 10:1163-1174.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Wigington, R.; Braun,
D. P. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater BioI. 37:231-249.
Rieman, B. E.; McIntyre, J. D. 1993. Demographic and
habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout.
INT-GTR-302. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Rieman, B. E.; McIntyre, J. D. 1995. Occurrence of bull
trout in naturally fragmented habitat patches of various size. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 124:285-296.
Roth, N. E.; Allan, J. D.; Erickson, D. L. 1996. Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at
mUltiple spatial scales. Landscape Ecol. 11:141-156.
Ruggiero, L. F.; Hayward, G. D.; Squires, J. R. 1994.
Viability analysis in biological evaluations: concepts
of population viability analysis, biological population,
and ecological scale. Conserv. BioI. 8:364-372.
Schlosser, 1. J. 1990. Environmental variation, life history attributes, and community structure in stream
fishes: implications for environmental management
assessment. Environ. Manage. 14:621-628.
Schlosser, 1. J. 1991. Stream fish ecology: a landscape
perspective. BioScience 41:704--712.
Sedell, J. R.; Reeves, G. H.; Hauer, F. R.; Stanford,
J. A.; Hawkins, C. P. 1990. Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: modem fragmented and disconnected river systems. Environ. Manage. 14:711724.
Sheldon, A. L. 1988. Conservation of stream fishes: patterns of diversity, rarity and risk. Conserv. Bioi. 2:
149-156.
Smol, J. P.; Brown, S. R.; McNeely, R. 1983. Cultural
disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada. Hydrobiologia 103:125130.
Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitata, the templet for ecological strategies. 1. Anim. Ecol. 46:337-365.
Spencer, C. N.; McClelland, B. R.; Stanford, J. A. 1991.
Shrimp stocking, salmon collapse, and eagle displacement. BioScience 41: 14-21.