26.6 References
Historical influence of man on the riparian dynamics
of a fluvial landscape. Landscape Ecol. 1:163-173.
Doppelt, B.; Scurlock, M.; Frissell, c.; Karr, J. 1993. Entering the watershed: a new approach to save America's river ecosystems. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
Dynesius, M.; Nilsson, C. 1994. Fragmentation and flow
regulation of river systems in the northern third of the
world. Science 266:753-762.
Ebersole, J. L.; Liss, W. J.; Frissell, C. A 1997. Restoration of stream habitats in the western United States:
restoration as re-expression of habitat capacity. Environ. Manage. 21(1):1-14.
Evans, D.O.; Nicholls, K H.; Allen, Y. c.; McMurtry,
M. J. 1996. Historical land use, phosphorus loading,
and loss of fish habitat in Lake Simcoe, Canada. Can.
J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Supplement 1):194-218.
Fausch, K. D.; Karr, J. R.; Yant, P. R. 1984. Regional
application of an index of biotic integrity based on
stream fish communities. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc.
113:39-55.
Fore, S.; Karr, J. R.; Wisseman, R. W. 1996. Assessing
invertebrate responses to human activities: evaluating
alternative approaches. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 15:
212-233.
Frissell, C. A 1993. Topology of extinction and endangerment of fishes in the Pacific Northwest and California. Conserv. BioI. 7:342-354.
Frissell, C. A; Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem management
and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity. Water Resour. Bull. 32:229-240.
Frissell, C. A; Liss, W. J.; Warren, C. E.; Hurley, M. D.
1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat
classification: viewing streams in a watershed context.
Environ. Manage. 10:199-214.
Frissell, C. A.; Liss, W. J.; Gresswell, R. E.; Nawa,
R. K; Ebersole, J. L. 1997. A resource in crisis: changing the measure of salmon management. In: Stouder,
D. J.; Bisson, P. A; Naiman, R. J., eds. Pacific salmon
and their ecosystems: status and future options. New
York: Chapman and Hall: 411-444.
Hughes, R. M. 1985. Use of watershed characteristics to
select control streams for estimating effects of metal
mining wastes on extensively disturbed streams. Environ. Manage. 9:253-262.
Hughes, R. M.; Larsen, D. P.; Omernik, J. M. 1986. Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream
potential. Environ. Manage. 10:629-635.
Hunsaker, C. T.; Levine, D. A 1995. Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience 45:193-203.
Johnson, W. C. 1994. River expansion in the Platte River,
Nebraska: patterns and causes. Ecol. Monogr. 64:4584.
Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected
aspect of water resource management. Ecol. Appl.
1:61-68.
Karr, J. R.; Chu, E. W. 1997. Biological monitoring and
assessment: using multimetric indices effectively. EPA
235-R97-001. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Minns, C. K 1996. Is fish species rich401
ness at sites in the Canadian Great Lakes the result of
local or regional factors? Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
53 (Supplement 1):175-193.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Steedman, R. J.; Stoddart, S. 1996. Historical causes of change in Great Lakes fish stocks and
the implications for ecosystem rehabilitation. Can. J.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53 (Supplement 1):10-19.
Kokko, H.; Lindstrom, J.; Ranta, E. 1997. Risk analysis
of hunting of seal populations in the Baltic. Conserv.
BioI. 11:917-927.
Kratz, T. K; Webster, K. E.; Bowser, C. J.; Magnuson,
J. J.; Benson, B. J. 1997. The influence of landscape
position on lakes in northern Wisconsin. Freshwater
BioI. 37:209-217.
Lambeck, R. J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conserv. BioI. 11 :849856.
Lewis, C. A.; Lester, N. P.; Bradshaw, A. D.; Fitzgibbon J.; Fuller, K.; Hakanson, L.; Richards, C. 1996.
Considerations of scale in habitat conservation and
restoration. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Supplement 1):440-445.
Ligon, F. K; Dietrich, W. E.; Trush, W. J. 1995. Downstream ecological effects of dams: a geomorphic perspective. BioScience 45: 183-192.
Magnuson, J. J.; Benson, B.; Kratz, T. 1990. Temporal
coherence in the limnology of a suite of lakes in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Freshwater BioI. 23:145-159.
Master, L. 1990. The imperiled status of North American aquatic animals. The Nature Conservancy: Biodiversity Network News 3:1-8.
Matusek, J. E. 1978. Empirical predictions offish yields
oflarge North American lakes. Trans. Amer. Fisheries
Soc. 107:385-394.
Minns, C. K; Kelso, J. R. M.; Randall, R. G. 1996. Detecting the response of fish to habitat alterations in
freshwater ecosystems. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
53 (Supplement 1):403-414.
Minshall, G. W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global
perspective. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:263-288.
Montgomery, D. R.; Grant, G. E.; Sullivan, K 1995. Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing
ecosystem management. Water Resour. Bull. 31:369386.
Moyle, P. B. 1986. Fish introductions into North America: patterns and ecological impact. In: Mooney, H.;
Drake, J. A, eds. Biological invasions in North America. New York: Springer-Verlag: 155-170.
Moyle, P. B.; Randall, P. J. 1998. Evaluating biotic integrity of watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California.
Conserv. BioI. 12:1318-1326.
Moyle, P. B.; Sato, G. M. 1991. On the design of preserves to protect native fishes. In: Minckley, W. L.;
Deacon, J. E., eds. Battle against extinction: native
fish management in the American West. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press: 155-170.
Muntkittrick, K. R.; Dixon, D. G. 1989. A holistic approach to ecosystem health assessment using fish population characteristics. Hydrobiologia 188/189:123135.
Historical influence of man on the riparian dynamics
of a fluvial landscape. Landscape Ecol. 1:163-173.
Doppelt, B.; Scurlock, M.; Frissell, c.; Karr, J. 1993. Entering the watershed: a new approach to save America's river ecosystems. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
Dynesius, M.; Nilsson, C. 1994. Fragmentation and flow
regulation of river systems in the northern third of the
world. Science 266:753-762.
Ebersole, J. L.; Liss, W. J.; Frissell, C. A 1997. Restoration of stream habitats in the western United States:
restoration as re-expression of habitat capacity. Environ. Manage. 21(1):1-14.
Evans, D.O.; Nicholls, K H.; Allen, Y. c.; McMurtry,
M. J. 1996. Historical land use, phosphorus loading,
and loss of fish habitat in Lake Simcoe, Canada. Can.
J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Supplement 1):194-218.
Fausch, K. D.; Karr, J. R.; Yant, P. R. 1984. Regional
application of an index of biotic integrity based on
stream fish communities. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc.
113:39-55.
Fore, S.; Karr, J. R.; Wisseman, R. W. 1996. Assessing
invertebrate responses to human activities: evaluating
alternative approaches. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 15:
212-233.
Frissell, C. A 1993. Topology of extinction and endangerment of fishes in the Pacific Northwest and California. Conserv. BioI. 7:342-354.
Frissell, C. A; Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem management
and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity. Water Resour. Bull. 32:229-240.
Frissell, C. A; Liss, W. J.; Warren, C. E.; Hurley, M. D.
1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat
classification: viewing streams in a watershed context.
Environ. Manage. 10:199-214.
Frissell, C. A.; Liss, W. J.; Gresswell, R. E.; Nawa,
R. K; Ebersole, J. L. 1997. A resource in crisis: changing the measure of salmon management. In: Stouder,
D. J.; Bisson, P. A; Naiman, R. J., eds. Pacific salmon
and their ecosystems: status and future options. New
York: Chapman and Hall: 411-444.
Hughes, R. M. 1985. Use of watershed characteristics to
select control streams for estimating effects of metal
mining wastes on extensively disturbed streams. Environ. Manage. 9:253-262.
Hughes, R. M.; Larsen, D. P.; Omernik, J. M. 1986. Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream
potential. Environ. Manage. 10:629-635.
Hunsaker, C. T.; Levine, D. A 1995. Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience 45:193-203.
Johnson, W. C. 1994. River expansion in the Platte River,
Nebraska: patterns and causes. Ecol. Monogr. 64:4584.
Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected
aspect of water resource management. Ecol. Appl.
1:61-68.
Karr, J. R.; Chu, E. W. 1997. Biological monitoring and
assessment: using multimetric indices effectively. EPA
235-R97-001. Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Minns, C. K 1996. Is fish species rich401
ness at sites in the Canadian Great Lakes the result of
local or regional factors? Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
53 (Supplement 1):175-193.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Steedman, R. J.; Stoddart, S. 1996. Historical causes of change in Great Lakes fish stocks and
the implications for ecosystem rehabilitation. Can. J.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53 (Supplement 1):10-19.
Kokko, H.; Lindstrom, J.; Ranta, E. 1997. Risk analysis
of hunting of seal populations in the Baltic. Conserv.
BioI. 11:917-927.
Kratz, T. K; Webster, K. E.; Bowser, C. J.; Magnuson,
J. J.; Benson, B. J. 1997. The influence of landscape
position on lakes in northern Wisconsin. Freshwater
BioI. 37:209-217.
Lambeck, R. J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conserv. BioI. 11 :849856.
Lewis, C. A.; Lester, N. P.; Bradshaw, A. D.; Fitzgibbon J.; Fuller, K.; Hakanson, L.; Richards, C. 1996.
Considerations of scale in habitat conservation and
restoration. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Supplement 1):440-445.
Ligon, F. K; Dietrich, W. E.; Trush, W. J. 1995. Downstream ecological effects of dams: a geomorphic perspective. BioScience 45: 183-192.
Magnuson, J. J.; Benson, B.; Kratz, T. 1990. Temporal
coherence in the limnology of a suite of lakes in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Freshwater BioI. 23:145-159.
Master, L. 1990. The imperiled status of North American aquatic animals. The Nature Conservancy: Biodiversity Network News 3:1-8.
Matusek, J. E. 1978. Empirical predictions offish yields
oflarge North American lakes. Trans. Amer. Fisheries
Soc. 107:385-394.
Minns, C. K; Kelso, J. R. M.; Randall, R. G. 1996. Detecting the response of fish to habitat alterations in
freshwater ecosystems. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
53 (Supplement 1):403-414.
Minshall, G. W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global
perspective. J. N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7:263-288.
Montgomery, D. R.; Grant, G. E.; Sullivan, K 1995. Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing
ecosystem management. Water Resour. Bull. 31:369386.
Moyle, P. B. 1986. Fish introductions into North America: patterns and ecological impact. In: Mooney, H.;
Drake, J. A, eds. Biological invasions in North America. New York: Springer-Verlag: 155-170.
Moyle, P. B.; Randall, P. J. 1998. Evaluating biotic integrity of watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California.
Conserv. BioI. 12:1318-1326.
Moyle, P. B.; Sato, G. M. 1991. On the design of preserves to protect native fishes. In: Minckley, W. L.;
Deacon, J. E., eds. Battle against extinction: native
fish management in the American West. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press: 155-170.
Muntkittrick, K. R.; Dixon, D. G. 1989. A holistic approach to ecosystem health assessment using fish population characteristics. Hydrobiologia 188/189:123135.