336
Elements of Ecological Land Classifications for Ecological Assessments
the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system in
British Columbia. For. Chron. 68:100-120.
Maxwell, J. R; Edwards, C. J.; Jensen, M. E.; Paustian,
S. J.; Parrott, H.; Hill, D. M. 1995. A hierarchical
framework of aquatic ecological units in North America. NC-176. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta.
McIntosh, R. P. 1985. The background of ecology: concept and theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McLaughlin, S. P. 1986. Floristic analysis of the southwestern United States. Great Basin Naturalist 46:
45-65.
McLaughlin, S. P. 1989. Natural floristic areas of the
western United States. 1. Biogeogr. 16:239-248.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Niemi, G. J.; White, M. A. 1997. Effects of changing landscape pattern and U.S.G.S. land
cover data variability on ecoregion discrimination
across a forest-agriculture gradient. Landscape Ecol.
12:379-396.
Morgan, P.; Aplet, G. H.; Haufler, J. B.; Humphries,
H. C.; Moore, M. M.; Wilson, W. D. 1994. Historical
range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating
ecosystem change. 1. Sustain. For. 2(3-4):57-72.
Nix, H. A. 1982. Environmental determinants and evolution in Terra Australia. In: Barker, W. M.;
Greenslade, P. J. M., ed. Evolution of the flora and
fauna of Arid Australia. South Australia: Peacock:
47-66.
Noss, R F. 1999. Conservation assessments: a synthesis. In: Ricketts, T. H.; Dinerstein, E.; Olson, D. M.;
Loucks, C. J.; Eichbaum, W.; DellaSala, D.; Kavanaugh, K.; Hedao, P.; Hurley, P. T.; Carney, K. M.;
Abell, R; Walters, S. Terrestrial ecoregions of North
America: a conservation assessment. Washington,
DC: Island Press: 89-92.
O'Callaghan, J. R 1996. Land use: The interaction of
economics, ecology and hydrology. London: Chapman
& Hall.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 77:118-125.
Omernik, J. M. 1995. Ecoregions: A framework for environmental management. In: Davis, W.; Simon, T.,
eds. Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers: 49-62.
Palik, B. J.; Goebel, P. c.; Kirkman, L. K.; West, L.
2000. Using landscape hierarchies to guide restoration
of disturbed ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 10:189-202.
Pastor, J.; Broschart, M. 1990. The spatial pattern of a
northern conifer-hardwood landscape. Landscape
Ecol. 4:55-68.
Pastor, J.; Post, W. M. 1986. Influence of climate, soil
moisture and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen
cycles. Biogeochemistry 2:3-27.
Perera, A. H.; Baker, J. A; Band, L. E.; Baldwin, D. J.
B. 1996. A strategic framework to ecoregionalize Ontario. In: Sims, R A; Corns, 1. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 85-96.
Pfister, RD.; Arno, S. F. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation. For.
Sci. 26:52-70.
Pfister, R D.; Kovalchik, B. L.; Arno, S. F.; Presby,
R C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. INT-34.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Pickett, S. T. A.; Cadenasso, M. L. 1995. Landscape
ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.
Science 269(5222):331-334.
Pinay, G.; Fabre, A.; Vervier, P.; Gazelle, F. 1992. Control of C, N, P distribution in soils of riparian forest.
Landscape Ecol. 6(3):121-132.
Pregitzer, K. S.; Barnes, B. V. 1982. The use of ground
flora to indicate edaphic factors in upland ecosystems
of the McCormick Experimental Forest, Upper Michigan. Can. 1. For. Res. 12:661-672.
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., editors. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins: Volume 1. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Reiners, W. A.; Thurston, R. C. 1997. Delineations of
landtype associations for southeast Wyoming. Bureau
of Land Management/University of Wyoming, Final
Report, Contract K-91O-P960l24. Laramie, WY:
Dept. of Botany, University of Wyoming.
Ricketts, T. H.; Dinerstein, E.; Olson, D. M.; Loucks,
C. J.; Eichbaum, W.; DellaSala, D.; Kavanaugh, K.;
Hedao, P.; Hurley, P. T.; Carney, K. M.; Abell, R;
Walters, S. 1999. Terrestrial ecoregions of North
America: a conservation assessment. Washington,
DC: Island Press.
Rowe, J. S. 1984. Forestland classification: limitations
of the use of vegetation. In: Bockheim, J. G., ed. Proceedings of the symposium on forest land classification: experiences, problems, perspectives, March
18-20, 1984. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin:
132-147.
Rowe, J. S.; Sheard, J. W. 1981. Ecological1and classification: a survey approach. Environ. Manage. 5:451464.
Scott, J. M.; Davis, F.; Csuti, B.; Noss, R; Butterfield,
B.; Groves, c.; Anderson, H.; Caicco, S.; D'Erchia,
F.; Edwards, T. C.; Ulliman, J.; Wright, R G. 1993.
Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of
biological diversity. Wildlife Monogr. 123:1-41.
Short, H. L.; Hestbeck, J. B. 1995. National biotic resource inventories and GAP analysis. BioScience 45:
535-539.
Sims, R A; Corns, 1. G. W.; Klinka, K., editors. 1996.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993a. Implementing ecosystem-based
management. BioScience 43(9):612-622.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993b. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrat-
Elements of Ecological Land Classifications for Ecological Assessments
the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system in
British Columbia. For. Chron. 68:100-120.
Maxwell, J. R; Edwards, C. J.; Jensen, M. E.; Paustian,
S. J.; Parrott, H.; Hill, D. M. 1995. A hierarchical
framework of aquatic ecological units in North America. NC-176. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., North Central For. Exp. Sta.
McIntosh, R. P. 1985. The background of ecology: concept and theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McLaughlin, S. P. 1986. Floristic analysis of the southwestern United States. Great Basin Naturalist 46:
45-65.
McLaughlin, S. P. 1989. Natural floristic areas of the
western United States. 1. Biogeogr. 16:239-248.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Niemi, G. J.; White, M. A. 1997. Effects of changing landscape pattern and U.S.G.S. land
cover data variability on ecoregion discrimination
across a forest-agriculture gradient. Landscape Ecol.
12:379-396.
Morgan, P.; Aplet, G. H.; Haufler, J. B.; Humphries,
H. C.; Moore, M. M.; Wilson, W. D. 1994. Historical
range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating
ecosystem change. 1. Sustain. For. 2(3-4):57-72.
Nix, H. A. 1982. Environmental determinants and evolution in Terra Australia. In: Barker, W. M.;
Greenslade, P. J. M., ed. Evolution of the flora and
fauna of Arid Australia. South Australia: Peacock:
47-66.
Noss, R F. 1999. Conservation assessments: a synthesis. In: Ricketts, T. H.; Dinerstein, E.; Olson, D. M.;
Loucks, C. J.; Eichbaum, W.; DellaSala, D.; Kavanaugh, K.; Hedao, P.; Hurley, P. T.; Carney, K. M.;
Abell, R; Walters, S. Terrestrial ecoregions of North
America: a conservation assessment. Washington,
DC: Island Press: 89-92.
O'Callaghan, J. R 1996. Land use: The interaction of
economics, ecology and hydrology. London: Chapman
& Hall.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 77:118-125.
Omernik, J. M. 1995. Ecoregions: A framework for environmental management. In: Davis, W.; Simon, T.,
eds. Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers: 49-62.
Palik, B. J.; Goebel, P. c.; Kirkman, L. K.; West, L.
2000. Using landscape hierarchies to guide restoration
of disturbed ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 10:189-202.
Pastor, J.; Broschart, M. 1990. The spatial pattern of a
northern conifer-hardwood landscape. Landscape
Ecol. 4:55-68.
Pastor, J.; Post, W. M. 1986. Influence of climate, soil
moisture and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen
cycles. Biogeochemistry 2:3-27.
Perera, A. H.; Baker, J. A; Band, L. E.; Baldwin, D. J.
B. 1996. A strategic framework to ecoregionalize Ontario. In: Sims, R A; Corns, 1. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 85-96.
Pfister, RD.; Arno, S. F. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation. For.
Sci. 26:52-70.
Pfister, R D.; Kovalchik, B. L.; Arno, S. F.; Presby,
R C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. INT-34.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Pickett, S. T. A.; Cadenasso, M. L. 1995. Landscape
ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.
Science 269(5222):331-334.
Pinay, G.; Fabre, A.; Vervier, P.; Gazelle, F. 1992. Control of C, N, P distribution in soils of riparian forest.
Landscape Ecol. 6(3):121-132.
Pregitzer, K. S.; Barnes, B. V. 1982. The use of ground
flora to indicate edaphic factors in upland ecosystems
of the McCormick Experimental Forest, Upper Michigan. Can. 1. For. Res. 12:661-672.
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., editors. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins: Volume 1. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Reiners, W. A.; Thurston, R. C. 1997. Delineations of
landtype associations for southeast Wyoming. Bureau
of Land Management/University of Wyoming, Final
Report, Contract K-91O-P960l24. Laramie, WY:
Dept. of Botany, University of Wyoming.
Ricketts, T. H.; Dinerstein, E.; Olson, D. M.; Loucks,
C. J.; Eichbaum, W.; DellaSala, D.; Kavanaugh, K.;
Hedao, P.; Hurley, P. T.; Carney, K. M.; Abell, R;
Walters, S. 1999. Terrestrial ecoregions of North
America: a conservation assessment. Washington,
DC: Island Press.
Rowe, J. S. 1984. Forestland classification: limitations
of the use of vegetation. In: Bockheim, J. G., ed. Proceedings of the symposium on forest land classification: experiences, problems, perspectives, March
18-20, 1984. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin:
132-147.
Rowe, J. S.; Sheard, J. W. 1981. Ecological1and classification: a survey approach. Environ. Manage. 5:451464.
Scott, J. M.; Davis, F.; Csuti, B.; Noss, R; Butterfield,
B.; Groves, c.; Anderson, H.; Caicco, S.; D'Erchia,
F.; Edwards, T. C.; Ulliman, J.; Wright, R G. 1993.
Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of
biological diversity. Wildlife Monogr. 123:1-41.
Short, H. L.; Hestbeck, J. B. 1995. National biotic resource inventories and GAP analysis. BioScience 45:
535-539.
Sims, R A; Corns, 1. G. W.; Klinka, K., editors. 1996.
Global to local ecological land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993a. Implementing ecosystem-based
management. BioScience 43(9):612-622.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993b. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrat-