22.7 References
ing environment and development. Environ. Manage.
17:289-303.
Smith, M.-L.; Carpenter, C. 1996. Application of the
USDA Forest Service national hierarchical framework
of ecological units at the sub-regional level: The New
England-New York example. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns,
I. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds. Global to local: ecological
land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers: 187-198.
Sokal, R. R. 1974. Classification: purposes, principles,
progress, prospects. Science 185: 1115-1123.
Soule, M.E.; Terborgh, J., editors. 1999. Continental
conservation: scientific foundations of regional reserve networks. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Spies, T. A.; Barnes, B. V. 1985. A multifactor ecological classification of the northern hardwood and
conifer ecosystems of Sylvania Recreation Area, Upper Peninsula, Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 15:949960.
Swanson, F. J.; Kratz, T. K.; Caine, N.; Woodmansee,
R. G. 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns
and processes. BioScience 38:92-98.
Swetnam, T. W.; Allen, C. D.; Betancourt, J. L. 1999.
Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage
the future. Ecol. Appl. 9:1189-1206.
TNC (The Nature Conservancy). 1996. Conservation by
design: a framework for mission success. Arlington,
V A: The Nature Conservancy.
Tiixen, R. 1959. Typen von Vegetationskarten und ihre
Erarbeitung. In: Tiixen, R., ed. Vegetationskartierung.
Weinheim, Germany: Cramer: 139-154.
Uhlig, P. W. C.; Jordan, J. K. 1996. A spatial hierarchical framework for the co-management of ecosystems
in Canada and the United States for the upper Great
Lakes region. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39:59-73.
UNESCO. 1973. International classification and mapping of vegetation. Paris: United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1987.
Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can
help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience
37:119-127.
337
USDA (U.S. Department of AgriCUlture, Soil Conservation Service). 1993. State soil geographic database
(STATSGO)-data user's guide. Misc. Pub. 1492.
Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Off.: 88 p.
Walter, H. 1979. Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geobiosphere. Heidelberg, Germany:
Springer-Verlag.
Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of
species diversity. Taxon 21:213-351.
Whittaker, R. H.; Niering, W. A. 1964. Vegetation of
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. J. Arizona Acad.
Sci. 3:12-33.
Whittaker, R. H.; Niering, W. A. 1965. Vegetation of
Santa Catalina Mountains: a gradient analysis of the
south slope. Ecology 46:429-452.
Wiken, E. B. 1979. Rationale and methods of ecological
land surveys: an overview of Canadian approaches. In:
Taylor, D. G., ed. Land/wildlife integration: proceedings of a technical workshop to discuss the incorporation of Wildlife information into ecological land surveys, May 1-2, 1979, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Ottawa: Ecological Land Classification Series No. 11,
Lands Directorate, Environment Canada: 160 p.
Witmer, R. E. 1978. U.S. Geological Survey land-use
and land-cover classification system. J. For. 76:661668.
Wright, R. G.; Murray, M. P.; Merrill, T. 1998. Ecoregions as a level of ecological analysis. Bioi. Conserv.
86:207-213.
Zerbe, S. 1998. Potential natural vegetation: validity and
applicability in landscape planning and nature conservation. Appl. Veg. Sci. 1:165-172.
Zonneveld,1. S. 1979. Landscape science and land evaluation. lTC-textbook VIl-4, 2nd ed. 134 p.
Zonneveld, 1. S. 1988. Landscape (ecosystem) and vegetation maps: their relation and purpose. In: Kiichler,
A. W.; Zonneveld, 1. S., ed. Vegetation mapping. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 481-486.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1989. The land unit-a fundamental
concept in landscape ecology, and its applications.
Landscape Ecol. 3:67-89.
ing environment and development. Environ. Manage.
17:289-303.
Smith, M.-L.; Carpenter, C. 1996. Application of the
USDA Forest Service national hierarchical framework
of ecological units at the sub-regional level: The New
England-New York example. In: Sims, R. A.; Corns,
I. G. W.; Klinka, K., eds. Global to local: ecological
land classification. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publishers: 187-198.
Sokal, R. R. 1974. Classification: purposes, principles,
progress, prospects. Science 185: 1115-1123.
Soule, M.E.; Terborgh, J., editors. 1999. Continental
conservation: scientific foundations of regional reserve networks. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Spies, T. A.; Barnes, B. V. 1985. A multifactor ecological classification of the northern hardwood and
conifer ecosystems of Sylvania Recreation Area, Upper Peninsula, Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 15:949960.
Swanson, F. J.; Kratz, T. K.; Caine, N.; Woodmansee,
R. G. 1988. Landform effects on ecosystem patterns
and processes. BioScience 38:92-98.
Swetnam, T. W.; Allen, C. D.; Betancourt, J. L. 1999.
Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage
the future. Ecol. Appl. 9:1189-1206.
TNC (The Nature Conservancy). 1996. Conservation by
design: a framework for mission success. Arlington,
V A: The Nature Conservancy.
Tiixen, R. 1959. Typen von Vegetationskarten und ihre
Erarbeitung. In: Tiixen, R., ed. Vegetationskartierung.
Weinheim, Germany: Cramer: 139-154.
Uhlig, P. W. C.; Jordan, J. K. 1996. A spatial hierarchical framework for the co-management of ecosystems
in Canada and the United States for the upper Great
Lakes region. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39:59-73.
UNESCO. 1973. International classification and mapping of vegetation. Paris: United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1987.
Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can
help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience
37:119-127.
337
USDA (U.S. Department of AgriCUlture, Soil Conservation Service). 1993. State soil geographic database
(STATSGO)-data user's guide. Misc. Pub. 1492.
Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Off.: 88 p.
Walter, H. 1979. Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geobiosphere. Heidelberg, Germany:
Springer-Verlag.
Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of
species diversity. Taxon 21:213-351.
Whittaker, R. H.; Niering, W. A. 1964. Vegetation of
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. J. Arizona Acad.
Sci. 3:12-33.
Whittaker, R. H.; Niering, W. A. 1965. Vegetation of
Santa Catalina Mountains: a gradient analysis of the
south slope. Ecology 46:429-452.
Wiken, E. B. 1979. Rationale and methods of ecological
land surveys: an overview of Canadian approaches. In:
Taylor, D. G., ed. Land/wildlife integration: proceedings of a technical workshop to discuss the incorporation of Wildlife information into ecological land surveys, May 1-2, 1979, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Ottawa: Ecological Land Classification Series No. 11,
Lands Directorate, Environment Canada: 160 p.
Witmer, R. E. 1978. U.S. Geological Survey land-use
and land-cover classification system. J. For. 76:661668.
Wright, R. G.; Murray, M. P.; Merrill, T. 1998. Ecoregions as a level of ecological analysis. Bioi. Conserv.
86:207-213.
Zerbe, S. 1998. Potential natural vegetation: validity and
applicability in landscape planning and nature conservation. Appl. Veg. Sci. 1:165-172.
Zonneveld,1. S. 1979. Landscape science and land evaluation. lTC-textbook VIl-4, 2nd ed. 134 p.
Zonneveld, 1. S. 1988. Landscape (ecosystem) and vegetation maps: their relation and purpose. In: Kiichler,
A. W.; Zonneveld, 1. S., ed. Vegetation mapping. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 481-486.
Zonneveld, I. S. 1989. The land unit-a fundamental
concept in landscape ecology, and its applications.
Landscape Ecol. 3:67-89.