290
Millspaugh, S. H.; Whitlock, C. 1995. A 750-year fire
history based on lake sediment records in central Yel10wstone National Park, USA Holocene 5:283-292.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Boeder, J.; Crow, T. R
1996. LANDIS: a spatial model of forest landscape
disturbance, succession, and management. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks, B. 0.; Johnston,
C.; Vaidment, D.; Crane, M.; Glendinning, S., eds. GIS
and environmental modeling: progress and research
issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books: 175-179.
Morgan, P.; Aplet, G. H.; Haufler, J. B.; Humphries,
H. c.; Moore, M. M.; Wilson, W. D. 1994. Historical
range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating
ecosystem change. J. Sustainable For. 2:87-111.
Nelson, D. J.; Webb, R H.; Long, A 1990. Analysis of
stick-nest rat (Leporillus: Muridae) middens from central Australia. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T.
R; Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000
years of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 428--434.
Nelson, J. C. 1997. Presettlement vegetation patterns
along the 5th Principal Meridian, Missouri Territory,
1815. Amer. Midland Naturalist 137:79-94.
O'Rourke, M. K. 1991. Pollen in packrat middens. Grana
30:337-341.
Patterson, W. A, III; Edwards, K. J.; Maguire, D. J.
1987. Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire.
Quaternary Sci. Rev. 6:3-23.
Patton, T. M.; Rahel, F. J.; Hubert, W. A 1998. Using
historical data to assess changes in Wyoming's fish
fauna. Conserv. Bioi. 12:1120--1128.
Poff, N.; Allan, J. D.; Bain, M. B.; Karr, J. R; Prestegaard, K. L.; Richter, B. D.; Sparks, R E.; Stromberg,
J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime. BioScience
47:769-784.
Progulske, D. R 1974. Yellow ore, yellow hair, yellow
pine: a photographic study of a century of forest ecology. Bulletin 616. Brookings, SD: South Dakota
Agric. Exp. Sta.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Wigington, R; Braun,
D. P. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater Bio!. 37:231-249.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Braun, D. P.; Powell, J. 1998. A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration within a river network. Regul. River. 14:329340.
Rogers, G. F. 1982. Then and now. Salt Lake City, UT:
University of Utah Press.
Rogers, G. F.; Malde, H. E.; Turner, R M. 1984. Bibliography of repeat photography for evaluating landscape change. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah
Press.
Rogers, J. J.; Prosser, J. M.; Garrett, L. D.; Ryan, M. G.
1984. ECOSIM: a system for projecting multiresource
outputs under alternative forest management regimes.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky
Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Romme, W. H.; Knight, D. H. 1981. Fire frequency and
subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62:319-326.
Methods for Detennining Historical Range of Variability
Schwartz, M. W. 1994. Natural distribution and abundance of forest species and communities in northern
Florida. Ecology 75:687-705.
Scott, L. 1990. Hyrax (Procaviidae) and dassie rat (Petromuridae) middens in paleoenvironmental studies in
Africa. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R;
Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000
years of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 398--407.
Shinneman, D. J.; Baker, W. L. 1997. Nonequilibrium
dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and oldgrowth forests in ponderosa pine landscapes of the
Black Hills. Conserv. Bioi. 11:1276-1288.
Shugart, H. H. 1998. Plant and ecosystem functional
types: terrestrial ecosystems in changing environments. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Solomon, A M.; Shugart, H. H. 1984. Integrating
forest-stand simulations with paleoecological records
to examine long-term forest dynamics. In: Agren, G. I.,
ed. State and change of forest ecosystems: indicators
in current research. Report Number 13. Uppsala:
Swedish University of Agricultural Science: 333-357.
Solomon, A M.; Webb, T., III. 1985. Computer-aided
reconstruction of late Quaternary landscape dynamics.
Ann. Rev. Eco!. Syst. 16:63-84.
Spaulding, W. G. 1990. Comparison of pollen and
macrofossil based reconstructions of Late Quaternary
vegetation in western North America. Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol. 64:359-366.
Steedman, R J.; Whillans, T. H.; Behm, A P.; Bray,
K. E.; Cullis, K. I.; Holland, M. M.; Stoddart, S. J.,
White, R J. 1996. Use of historical information for
conservation and restoration of Great Lakes aquatic
habitat. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Suppl. I):
415--423.
Stokes, M. A; Dieterich, J. R., technical coordinators.
1980. Proceedings of the fire history workshop: October 20--24, Tucson, AZ; RM-81. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For.
Range Exp. Sta.
Sullivan, T. J.; Turner, R S.; Charles, D. F.; Cummings,
B. F.; Smol, J. P.; Schofield, C. L.; Driscoll, C. T.;
Cosby, B. J.; Birks, B. J. B.; Uutala, A. J.; Kingston,
J. C.; Dixit, S. S.; Bernert, J. A.; Ryan, P. F.; Marmorek, D. R 1992. Use of historical assessment for
evaluation of process-based model projections of future environmental change-lake acidification in the
Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA Environ.
Pollut. 77:253-262.
Swanson, F. J.; Jones, J. A; Wallin, D.O.; Cissel, J. H.
1994. Natural variability-implications for ecosystem
management. In Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., technical editors. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.: 80--94.
Swetnam, T. W.; Baisan, C. H. 1996. Fire effects in
southwestern forests. In: Allen, C.D., tech. ed. Proceedings of the second La Mesa fire symposium,
March 29-31,1994, Los Alamos, NM. RM-GTR-286.
Millspaugh, S. H.; Whitlock, C. 1995. A 750-year fire
history based on lake sediment records in central Yel10wstone National Park, USA Holocene 5:283-292.
Mladenoff, D. J.; Host, G. E.; Boeder, J.; Crow, T. R
1996. LANDIS: a spatial model of forest landscape
disturbance, succession, and management. In: Goodchild, M. F.; Steyaert, L. T.; Parks, B. 0.; Johnston,
C.; Vaidment, D.; Crane, M.; Glendinning, S., eds. GIS
and environmental modeling: progress and research
issues. Fort Collins, CO: GIS World Books: 175-179.
Morgan, P.; Aplet, G. H.; Haufler, J. B.; Humphries,
H. c.; Moore, M. M.; Wilson, W. D. 1994. Historical
range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating
ecosystem change. J. Sustainable For. 2:87-111.
Nelson, D. J.; Webb, R H.; Long, A 1990. Analysis of
stick-nest rat (Leporillus: Muridae) middens from central Australia. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T.
R; Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000
years of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 428--434.
Nelson, J. C. 1997. Presettlement vegetation patterns
along the 5th Principal Meridian, Missouri Territory,
1815. Amer. Midland Naturalist 137:79-94.
O'Rourke, M. K. 1991. Pollen in packrat middens. Grana
30:337-341.
Patterson, W. A, III; Edwards, K. J.; Maguire, D. J.
1987. Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire.
Quaternary Sci. Rev. 6:3-23.
Patton, T. M.; Rahel, F. J.; Hubert, W. A 1998. Using
historical data to assess changes in Wyoming's fish
fauna. Conserv. Bioi. 12:1120--1128.
Poff, N.; Allan, J. D.; Bain, M. B.; Karr, J. R; Prestegaard, K. L.; Richter, B. D.; Sparks, R E.; Stromberg,
J. C. 1997. The natural flow regime. BioScience
47:769-784.
Progulske, D. R 1974. Yellow ore, yellow hair, yellow
pine: a photographic study of a century of forest ecology. Bulletin 616. Brookings, SD: South Dakota
Agric. Exp. Sta.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Wigington, R; Braun,
D. P. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater Bio!. 37:231-249.
Richter, B. D.; Baumgartner, J. V.; Braun, D. P.; Powell, J. 1998. A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration within a river network. Regul. River. 14:329340.
Rogers, G. F. 1982. Then and now. Salt Lake City, UT:
University of Utah Press.
Rogers, G. F.; Malde, H. E.; Turner, R M. 1984. Bibliography of repeat photography for evaluating landscape change. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah
Press.
Rogers, J. J.; Prosser, J. M.; Garrett, L. D.; Ryan, M. G.
1984. ECOSIM: a system for projecting multiresource
outputs under alternative forest management regimes.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky
Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Romme, W. H.; Knight, D. H. 1981. Fire frequency and
subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62:319-326.
Methods for Detennining Historical Range of Variability
Schwartz, M. W. 1994. Natural distribution and abundance of forest species and communities in northern
Florida. Ecology 75:687-705.
Scott, L. 1990. Hyrax (Procaviidae) and dassie rat (Petromuridae) middens in paleoenvironmental studies in
Africa. In: Betancourt, J. L.; Van Devender, T. R;
Martin, P. S., eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000
years of biotic change. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 398--407.
Shinneman, D. J.; Baker, W. L. 1997. Nonequilibrium
dynamics between catastrophic disturbances and oldgrowth forests in ponderosa pine landscapes of the
Black Hills. Conserv. Bioi. 11:1276-1288.
Shugart, H. H. 1998. Plant and ecosystem functional
types: terrestrial ecosystems in changing environments. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Solomon, A M.; Shugart, H. H. 1984. Integrating
forest-stand simulations with paleoecological records
to examine long-term forest dynamics. In: Agren, G. I.,
ed. State and change of forest ecosystems: indicators
in current research. Report Number 13. Uppsala:
Swedish University of Agricultural Science: 333-357.
Solomon, A M.; Webb, T., III. 1985. Computer-aided
reconstruction of late Quaternary landscape dynamics.
Ann. Rev. Eco!. Syst. 16:63-84.
Spaulding, W. G. 1990. Comparison of pollen and
macrofossil based reconstructions of Late Quaternary
vegetation in western North America. Rev. Palaeobot.
Palynol. 64:359-366.
Steedman, R J.; Whillans, T. H.; Behm, A P.; Bray,
K. E.; Cullis, K. I.; Holland, M. M.; Stoddart, S. J.,
White, R J. 1996. Use of historical information for
conservation and restoration of Great Lakes aquatic
habitat. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Suppl. I):
415--423.
Stokes, M. A; Dieterich, J. R., technical coordinators.
1980. Proceedings of the fire history workshop: October 20--24, Tucson, AZ; RM-81. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For.
Range Exp. Sta.
Sullivan, T. J.; Turner, R S.; Charles, D. F.; Cummings,
B. F.; Smol, J. P.; Schofield, C. L.; Driscoll, C. T.;
Cosby, B. J.; Birks, B. J. B.; Uutala, A. J.; Kingston,
J. C.; Dixit, S. S.; Bernert, J. A.; Ryan, P. F.; Marmorek, D. R 1992. Use of historical assessment for
evaluation of process-based model projections of future environmental change-lake acidification in the
Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA Environ.
Pollut. 77:253-262.
Swanson, F. J.; Jones, J. A; Wallin, D.O.; Cissel, J. H.
1994. Natural variability-implications for ecosystem
management. In Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., technical editors. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.: 80--94.
Swetnam, T. W.; Baisan, C. H. 1996. Fire effects in
southwestern forests. In: Allen, C.D., tech. ed. Proceedings of the second La Mesa fire symposium,
March 29-31,1994, Los Alamos, NM. RM-GTR-286.