19.13 References
Heyerdahl, E. K.; Berry, D.; Agee, J. K. 1995. Fire history database of the western United States. EPAl600/
R-96/081. Washington, DC: Environ. Protect. Agency,
Office of Res. and Develop.
Holling, C. S. 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: Clark,
W. M.; Munn, R. E., eds. Sustainable development in
the biosphere. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press:
292-320.
Huff, M. H.; Ottmar, R. D.; Alvarado, E.; Vihnanek,
R. E.; Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Hessburg, P. F.; Everett, R. L.
1995. Historical and current forest landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. PNW-GTR-355. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.
Humphrey, R. R. 1987.90 years and 535 miles: vegetation changes along the Mexican border. Albuquerque,
NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Jacobson, G. L., Jr.; Bradshaw, R. H. W. 1981. The selection of sites for paleovegetational studies. Quaternary Res. 16:80-96.
Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time. Miscellaneous publication 50. Laramie, WY: Agric. Exp.
Sta., University of Wyoming.
Kaufmann, M. R.; Graham, R. T.; Boyce, D. A., Ir.;
Moir, W. H.; Perry, L.; Reynolds, R. T.; Bassett,
R. L.; Mehlhop, P.; Edminster, C. B.; Block, W. M.;
Com, P. S. 1994. An ecological basis for ecosystem
management. RM-GTR-246. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range
Exp. Sta.
Kaufmann, M. R.; Huckaby, L. S.; Regan, C. S.; Popp,
J. 1998. Forest reference conditions for ecosystem
management in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. RM-GTR-19. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J. P.; Hann, W. J.;
Bevins, C. D. 1995. Simulating coarse-scale vegetation dynamics using the Columbia River basin succession model-CRBSUM. INT-GTR-340. Ogden,
UT: U.s. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res.
Sta.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Steedman, R. J.; Stoddart, S. 1996. Historical causes of change in Great Lakes fish stocks and
the implications for ecosystem rehabilitation. Can. 1.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Suppl. 1):10-19.
Kessell, S. R. 1976. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and wilderness resource management.
Environ. Manage. 1:39-48.
Kessell, S. R.; Fischer, W. C. 1981. Predicting postfire
plant succession for fire management planning. INTGTR-94. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
King, J. E.; Van Devender, T. R. 1977. Pollen analysis
of fossil packrat middens from the Sonoran Desert.
Quaternary Res. 8:191-204.
Kitzberger, T.; Veblen, T. T.; Villalba, R. 1997. Climatic
influences on fire regimes along a rain forest-to-xeric
woodland gradient in northern Patagonia, Argentina.
1. Biogeogr. 24:35-47.
289
Kondolf, G. M.; Larson, M. 1995. Historical channel
analysis and its application to riparian and aquatic
habitat restoration. Aquat. Conserv. 5:109-126.
Landres, P. B.; Morgan, P.; Swanson, F. J. 1999. Evaluating the utility of natural variability concepts in
managing ecological systems. Eco!. Appl. 9: 11791188.
Larsen, C. P. S.; MacDonald, G. M. 1998. An 840-year
record of fire and vegetation in a boreal white spruce
forest. Ecology 79: 106-118.
Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Hessburg, P. F.; Everett, R. L.; Huff,
M. H.; Ottmar, R. D. 1994. Historical and currentforest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington.
PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Leitner, L. A.; Dunn, C. P.; Guntenspergen, G. R.; Steams,
F.; Sharpe, D. M. 1991. Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin. Landscape Ecol. 5:
203-217.
Loeb, R. E. 1987. Pre-European settlement forest composition in east New Jersey and southeastern New
York. Amer. Midland Naturalist 118:414-423.
MacDonald, G. M.; Larsen, C. P. S.; Szeicz, J. M.; Moser,
K. A. 1991. The reconstruction of boreal forest fire
history from lake sediments: a comparison of charcoal,
pollen, sedimentology, and geochemical indices. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 10:53-71.
Madany, M. H.; Swetnam, T. W.; West, N. E. 1982.
Comparison of two approaches for determining fire
dates from tree scars. For. Sci. 28:856-861.
Markgraf, V.; Betancourt, J.; Rylander, K. A. 1997.
Late-Holocene rodent middens from Rio Limay,
Neuquen Province, Argentina. Holocene 7:323-327.
May Ie, F. E.; Cwynar, L. C. 1995. Impact of the Younger
Dryas cooling event upon lowland vegetation of Maritime Canada. Eco!. Monogr. 65:129-154.
McCord, V. A. S. 1996. Flood history reconstruction in
Frijoles Canyon using flood-scarred trees. In: Allen,
C.D., tech. ed. Proceedings of the second La Mesafire
symposium, March 29-31, 1994, Los Alamos, NM;
RM-GTR-286. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.:
114-122.
McIntosh, B. A.; Sedell, J. R.; Smith, 1. E.; Wissmar,
R. c.; Clarke, S. E.; Reeves, G. H.; Brown, L. A. 1994.
Historical changes in fish habitat for select river basins
of eastern Oregon and Washington. Northw. Sci.
68:36-53.
McKelvey, K. S.; Busse, K. K. 1996. Twentieth-century
fire patterns on Forest Service lands. In: Sierra Nevada
Ecosystem Project: final report to Congress, volume
II, assessments and scientific basis for management
options. Davis, CA: Centers for Water and Wildland
Resour., Univ. of California. 41:1119-1138.
Miller, J. R.; Schulz, T. T.; Hobbs, N. T.; Wilson, K. R.;
Schrupp, D. L.; Baker, W. L. 1995. Changes in the
landscape structure of a southeastern Wyoming riparian zone following shifts in stream dynamics. Bioi.
Conserv.72:371-379.
Heyerdahl, E. K.; Berry, D.; Agee, J. K. 1995. Fire history database of the western United States. EPAl600/
R-96/081. Washington, DC: Environ. Protect. Agency,
Office of Res. and Develop.
Holling, C. S. 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: Clark,
W. M.; Munn, R. E., eds. Sustainable development in
the biosphere. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press:
292-320.
Huff, M. H.; Ottmar, R. D.; Alvarado, E.; Vihnanek,
R. E.; Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Hessburg, P. F.; Everett, R. L.
1995. Historical and current forest landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. PNW-GTR-355. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.
Humphrey, R. R. 1987.90 years and 535 miles: vegetation changes along the Mexican border. Albuquerque,
NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Jacobson, G. L., Jr.; Bradshaw, R. H. W. 1981. The selection of sites for paleovegetational studies. Quaternary Res. 16:80-96.
Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time. Miscellaneous publication 50. Laramie, WY: Agric. Exp.
Sta., University of Wyoming.
Kaufmann, M. R.; Graham, R. T.; Boyce, D. A., Ir.;
Moir, W. H.; Perry, L.; Reynolds, R. T.; Bassett,
R. L.; Mehlhop, P.; Edminster, C. B.; Block, W. M.;
Com, P. S. 1994. An ecological basis for ecosystem
management. RM-GTR-246. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range
Exp. Sta.
Kaufmann, M. R.; Huckaby, L. S.; Regan, C. S.; Popp,
J. 1998. Forest reference conditions for ecosystem
management in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. RM-GTR-19. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Keane, R. E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J. P.; Hann, W. J.;
Bevins, C. D. 1995. Simulating coarse-scale vegetation dynamics using the Columbia River basin succession model-CRBSUM. INT-GTR-340. Ogden,
UT: U.s. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Res.
Sta.
Kelso, J. R. M.; Steedman, R. J.; Stoddart, S. 1996. Historical causes of change in Great Lakes fish stocks and
the implications for ecosystem rehabilitation. Can. 1.
Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 53(Suppl. 1):10-19.
Kessell, S. R. 1976. Gradient modeling: a new approach
to fire modeling and wilderness resource management.
Environ. Manage. 1:39-48.
Kessell, S. R.; Fischer, W. C. 1981. Predicting postfire
plant succession for fire management planning. INTGTR-94. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
King, J. E.; Van Devender, T. R. 1977. Pollen analysis
of fossil packrat middens from the Sonoran Desert.
Quaternary Res. 8:191-204.
Kitzberger, T.; Veblen, T. T.; Villalba, R. 1997. Climatic
influences on fire regimes along a rain forest-to-xeric
woodland gradient in northern Patagonia, Argentina.
1. Biogeogr. 24:35-47.
289
Kondolf, G. M.; Larson, M. 1995. Historical channel
analysis and its application to riparian and aquatic
habitat restoration. Aquat. Conserv. 5:109-126.
Landres, P. B.; Morgan, P.; Swanson, F. J. 1999. Evaluating the utility of natural variability concepts in
managing ecological systems. Eco!. Appl. 9: 11791188.
Larsen, C. P. S.; MacDonald, G. M. 1998. An 840-year
record of fire and vegetation in a boreal white spruce
forest. Ecology 79: 106-118.
Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Hessburg, P. F.; Everett, R. L.; Huff,
M. H.; Ottmar, R. D. 1994. Historical and currentforest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington.
PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Leitner, L. A.; Dunn, C. P.; Guntenspergen, G. R.; Steams,
F.; Sharpe, D. M. 1991. Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin. Landscape Ecol. 5:
203-217.
Loeb, R. E. 1987. Pre-European settlement forest composition in east New Jersey and southeastern New
York. Amer. Midland Naturalist 118:414-423.
MacDonald, G. M.; Larsen, C. P. S.; Szeicz, J. M.; Moser,
K. A. 1991. The reconstruction of boreal forest fire
history from lake sediments: a comparison of charcoal,
pollen, sedimentology, and geochemical indices. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 10:53-71.
Madany, M. H.; Swetnam, T. W.; West, N. E. 1982.
Comparison of two approaches for determining fire
dates from tree scars. For. Sci. 28:856-861.
Markgraf, V.; Betancourt, J.; Rylander, K. A. 1997.
Late-Holocene rodent middens from Rio Limay,
Neuquen Province, Argentina. Holocene 7:323-327.
May Ie, F. E.; Cwynar, L. C. 1995. Impact of the Younger
Dryas cooling event upon lowland vegetation of Maritime Canada. Eco!. Monogr. 65:129-154.
McCord, V. A. S. 1996. Flood history reconstruction in
Frijoles Canyon using flood-scarred trees. In: Allen,
C.D., tech. ed. Proceedings of the second La Mesafire
symposium, March 29-31, 1994, Los Alamos, NM;
RM-GTR-286. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta.:
114-122.
McIntosh, B. A.; Sedell, J. R.; Smith, 1. E.; Wissmar,
R. c.; Clarke, S. E.; Reeves, G. H.; Brown, L. A. 1994.
Historical changes in fish habitat for select river basins
of eastern Oregon and Washington. Northw. Sci.
68:36-53.
McKelvey, K. S.; Busse, K. K. 1996. Twentieth-century
fire patterns on Forest Service lands. In: Sierra Nevada
Ecosystem Project: final report to Congress, volume
II, assessments and scientific basis for management
options. Davis, CA: Centers for Water and Wildland
Resour., Univ. of California. 41:1119-1138.
Miller, J. R.; Schulz, T. T.; Hobbs, N. T.; Wilson, K. R.;
Schrupp, D. L.; Baker, W. L. 1995. Changes in the
landscape structure of a southeastern Wyoming riparian zone following shifts in stream dynamics. Bioi.
Conserv.72:371-379.